The Electronic Connector Book

Part A: Understanding Interconnects

1. Introduction
2. Interconnect Characterization
3. Identification and Selection

Part B: Interconnects Catalog

4. Test interconnects
5. Terminals
6. Wire splices
7. Wiring interconnects
8. Junction & barrier blocks
9. Terminal blocks
10. Board-in interconnects
11. Device sockets
12. Compression interconnects
13. Shroudless strips
14. Rectangular connectors
15. Single-circuit connectors
16. Concentric connectors
17. Coax connectors
18. Circular connectors
19. Exterior signal connectors
20. Exterior power connectors
21. Industrial connectors
22. Multi-class interconnects
23. Non-electric components

Part C: Using Interconnects

24. Design
25. Assembly
26. Care and feeding

Back matter

• Appendix
• Acronyms And Initialisms
• Glossary and index

  Preface 21
  Part A - Understanding interconnects 23
  Chapter 1 Introduction 1
  1.1 Chapter Introduction 1
  1.1.1 Tidbits 1
  1.2 Book Orientation 1
  1.2.1 Interconnect Definition 1
  1.2.2 Book Parts 1
  1.2.3 How To Use This Book 2
  1.2.4 Beyond This Book 2
  1.3 History 2
  1.3.1 Milestones 3
  1.3.2 The pioneers - 1870s to 1920s 3
  1.3.2.1 The innovators - 1930s to 1950s 4
  1.3.2.2 The optimizers - 1960s to today 5
  1.3.2.3 The future 5
  1.3.3 Evolution Timeline 5
  1.4 FAQ 6
  1.4.1 Why So Many Damn Connectors? 7
  1.4.2 Can You Help Me Make a Computer Cable? 7
  1.4.3 How Do I Repair This Connector? 7
  1.4.4 What Is The Weirdest Connector You Have Seen? 7
  1.4.5 What Is The Funniest Connector You Have Seen? 8
  1.5 Interconnect Classification 8
  1.5.1 Manufacturer, Vendor, End User Classification 8
  1.5.2 Drawing From Linnaean Taxonomy 9
  1.5.3 Classes Of Interconnects 10
  Chapter 2 Interconnect Characterization 13
  2.1 Chapter Introduction 13
  2.1.1 Tidbits 13
  2.1.2 International Glossary 13
  2.1.3 Chapter Orientation 18
  2.2 Terminology 21
  2.2.1 Misused Or Misunderstood Terms 21
  2.2.1.1 Male, female, hermaphrodite, genderless 22
  2.2.1.2 Hermaphrodite, genderless, self-mating 22
  2.2.1.3 Plugs and jacks 23
  2.2.1.4 Socket 24
  2.2.1.5 Receptacle 25
  2.2.1.6 Wire, cable, harness, cord, cable assembly 25
  2.2.1.7 Ribbon cable, FFC, FPC 26
  2.2.1.8 Port vs. connector 27
  2.2.2 Poorly Defined And Missing Terms 27
  2.2.2.1 Inconsistently Used Terms 27
  2.2.2.2 Misappropriated names 28
  2.2.2.3 Missing terms 28
  2.3 Main Attributes 29
  2.3.1 Access 30
  2.3.1.1 Exterior interconnects 30
  2.3.1.2 Interior interconnects 30
  2.3.2 Interconnect Structure 30
  2.3.2.1 Removable And Permanent Termination 30
  2.3.2.2 Separable and inseparable connection 31
  2.3.2.3 Mating in family and out of family 31
  2.3.2.4 Interconnect structure list 31
  2.3.2.5 Non-electric 31
  2.3.2.6 Inseparable, permanent 31
  2.3.2.7 Inseparable, removable 32
  2.3.2.8 Single mating face out of family 32
  2.3.2.9 Two mating faces out of family 33
  2.3.2.10 Single mating face in family 33
  2.3.2.11 Two mating interfaces in family 33
  2.3.3 Interconnection Topology 34
  2.3.3.1 To-wire/cable topologies 35
  2.3.3.2 Wire/cable-to-board topologies 35
  2.3.3.3 Board-to-board topology 36
  2.3.3.4 On-panel topologies 37
  2.3.3.5 To-device topologies 38
  2.3.3.6 Multiple interconnection topologies 38
  2.3.4 Number Of Circuits 38
  2.4 Termination And Mount Introduction 39
  2.4.1 Termination Introduction 40
  2.4.1.1 Termination definition 40
  2.4.1.2 Termination examples 40
  2.4.2 Mount Introduction 40
  2.4.2.1 Mount definition 41
  2.4.2.2 Loose connectors 41
  2.4.2.3 In-line interconnects 41
  2.4.2.4 Mounted interconnects 42
  2.4.3 Contrast With Mating 42
  2.5 Wire And Cable Termination 44
  2.5.1 Wire And Cable Specifications 44
  2.5.1.1 Wiring conductors 44
  2.5.1.2 Wire specifications 44
  2.5.1.3 Wire size 44
  2.5.1.4 Aluminum and copper oxidation 45
  2.5.1.5 Wire size color code 45
  2.5.1.6 Cable specifications 45
  2.5.1.7 Bus bar specifications 45
  2.5.2 Wire And Cable Entry Orientation 46
  2.5.2.1 Single-ended orientation for wire terminals 46
  2.5.2.2 End-to-end wire orientation for splices 46
  2.5.2.3 Wire-to-board orientations 46
  2.5.2.4 Wire orientations for single-circuit plugs 47
  2.5.2.5 Wire/cable orientations for multi-circuit plugs 47
  2.5.2.6 Orientations for panel-mount receptacles 48
  2.5.3 End-To-End Orientation 49
  2.5.3.1 Cable-to-cable orientations 49
  2.5.3.2 Cable-to-panel orientations 49
  2.5.3.3 Cable-to-board orientations 49
  2.5.4 Permanent Unstripped Wire/Cable Termination 51
  2.5.4.1 Insulation displacement wire termination 51
  2.5.4.2 FFC termination 51
  2.5.4.3 Ribbon cable mass termination 52
  2.5.5 Permanent Stripped Wire And Cable Termination 52
  2.5.5.1 Wire crimping 52
  2.5.5.2 Permanent poke-in termination 53
  2.5.5.3 Soldering termination 53
  2.5.5.4 Ultrasonic termination 53
  2.5.5.5 Wire-wrap termination 53
  2.5.5.6 Control cable termination 53
  2.5.5.7 Coaxial cable termination 53
  2.5.5.8 Permanent stripped ribbon cable term. 54
  2.5.6 Removable Stripped Wire And Cable Termination 54
  2.5.6.1 Wire cage termination 54
  2.5.6.2 Twist termination 55
  2.5.6.3 Screw termination 55
  2.5.6.4 Clamp termination 55
  2.5.6.5 Removable poke-in termination 55
  2.5.6.6 Removable ribbon cable termination 55
  2.5.7 Removable Unstripped Wire Termination 56
  2.5.7.1 Insulation piercing 56
  2.5.8 Wire Termination Arrangement 56
  2.5.8.1 Termination points per circuit 56
  2.5.8.2 Wire termination pattern 56
  2.5.8.3 Termination pitch 57
  2.5.8.4 Termination rows 57
  2.5.9 Insertable Contacts 58
  2.5.9.1 Insertable contact installation 58
  2.5.9.2 Wire entry sealing 58
  2.5.9.3 Terminal Position Assurance (TPA) 58
  2.5.9.4 Contact extraction 59
  2.6 PCB Mount And Termination 60
  2.6.1 PCB Termination Technology 60
  2.6.1.1 Through-Hole Mount 60
  2.6.1.2 Surface-mount 60
  2.6.1.3 Surface and through-hole mount 61
  2.6.1.4 Press-fit mount 61
  2.6.2 PCB Terminal Arrangement 62
  2.6.2.1 PCB terminal pattern 62
  2.6.2.2 PCB terminal pitch 62
  2.6.2.3 PCB terminal rows 62
  2.6.3 PCB Mount Orientation 62
  2.6.3.1 Straight connectors 63
  2.6.3.2 Bottom entry connectors 64
  2.6.3.3 Through-board headers 64
  2.6.3.4 Over-board connectors 64
  2.6.3.5 Right-angle connectors 64
  2.6.3.6 Tower connectors 65
  2.6.3.7 Under-board connectors 65
  2.6.3.8 Straddle-mount connectors 65
  2.6.3.9 End-launch connectors 65
  2.6.3.10 Cutout-mount connectors 66
  2.6.3.11 Angled connectors 66
  2.7 Other Mounts And Terminations 67
  2.7.1 Panel Mount 67
  2.7.1.1 On-panel mount 67
  2.7.1.2 Bulkhead mount 67
  2.7.1.3 Rail mount 68
  2.7.1.4 Float panel mount 68
  2.7.1.5 Right-angle panel mount 68
  2.7.1.6 To-panel mount 69
  2.7.1.7 Panel mount grounding, isolation 69
  2.7.1.8 Panel-mount second termination 69
  2.7.1.9 Panel sealing 69
  2.7.2 Other Mounts 70
  2.8 Mating Introduction 70
  2.8.1 Mating Definition 70
  2.8.2 Mating Characteristics 70
  2.9 Contacts 71
  2.9.1 Contact Gender 71
  2.9.1.1 Contact gender definition 71
  2.9.1.2 Contact gender match 72
  2.9.1.3 Male contacts 73
  2.9.1.4 Female contacts 73
  2.9.1.5 Hermaphrodite contacts 74
  2.9.1.6 Genderless contacts 75
  2.9.2 Contact Characteristics 75
  2.9.2.1 Contact sizes 75
  2.9.2.2 Contact manufacturing process 76
  2.9.2.3 Contact materials 76
  2.9.2.4 Thermocouple contacts 77
  2.9.2.5 Contact point and contact wipe 78
  2.9.2.6 Contact fretting 78
  2.9.2.7 Contact lubrication 79
  2.9.2.8 Contact pressure 79
  2.9.3 Special Contact Functions 80
  2.9.3.1 Differential pair contacts 80
  2.9.3.2 Shield contacts 80
  2.9.3.3 Power Earth contact 80
  2.9.3.4 ZIF contacts 80
  2.9.3.5 Antispark tip 80
  2.10 Connector Gender And Arrangement 81
  2.10.1 Connector Gender 81
  2.10.1.1 Four connector genders 81
  2.10.1.2 Gender-bending connectors 82
  2.10.1.3 Why care about connector gender? 82
  2.10.1.4 Tongue and groove 82
  2.10.2 Contact Arrangement 83
  2.10.2.1 Contact pattern 83
  2.10.2.2 Position numbering 84
  2.10.2.3 Mating pitch 84
  2.10.2.4 Row spacing 85
  2.10.2.5 Wide side 85
  2.10.2.6 Blade orientation 85
  2.10.2.7 Hybrid connectors 86
  2.10.2.8 Mating, termination, PCB arrangements 86
  2.11 Mating Face 87
  2.11.1 Mating Face Shape And Size 87
  2.11.1.1 Mating face shape 87
  2.11.1.2 Mating sizes 87
  2.11.2 Mating Face Surface 88
  2.11.2.1 Stepped face 88
  2.11.2.2 Partitioned face 88
  2.11.2.3 Face protrusions 89
  2.11.2.4 Mating face sealing 89
  2.11.3 Shroud 89
  2.11.3.1 Shrouded and enshrouded mate 90
  2.11.3.2 Shroudless 90
  2.11.3.3 Partial shroud 90
  2.11.3.4 Full shroud 90
  2.11.3.5 Self-mating shroud 91
  2.12 Mates Compatibility 91
  2.12.1 Connector Dimorphism 91
  2.12.1.1 Dimorphism in all connectors 91
  2.12.1.2 Dimorphism determination 92
  2.12.2 Family Shroud Polarity 93
  2.12.2.1 Gendered family shroud polarity 94
  2.12.2.2 Reverse polarity 94
  2.12.2.3 Hermaphrodite family shroud polarity 95
  2.12.2.4 Genderless family shroud polarity 96
  2.12.2.5 Plug, receptacle, and header gender 96
  2.12.3 Polarization, Conforming, Keying, Coding 96
  2.12.3.1 Polarization 97
  2.12.3.2 Conforming 98
  2.12.3.3 Keying 101
  2.12.3.4 Coding 102
  2.13 Mating 102
  2.13.1 Mating And Unmating Action 102
  2.13.1.1 Mating direction 102
  2.13.1.2 Blind mating 103
  2.13.1.3 Connector misalignment 103
  2.13.1.4 Alignment features 103
  2.13.1.5 Misalignment accommodation 103
  2.13.1.6 Mated height 104
  2.13.1.7 Insertion, retention, and extraction forces 105
  2.13.2 Multiple Mating Interfaces 106
  2.13.2.1 Single-face connectors for multiple mates 106
  2.13.2.2 Multi-standard receptacles 107
  2.13.2.3 Connectors with multiple mating faces 107
  2.13.2.4 Connectors with two mating options 107
  2.14 Fastening 107
  2.14.1 Fastening Introduction 107
  2.14.1.1 Fastening Methods 107
  2.14.1.2 Latched mate 110
  2.14.1.3 Latch location 111
  2.14.2 Unlatched 111
  2.14.2.1 Compression 111
  2.14.2.2 Friction fastening 111
  2.14.2.3 Snap-on fastening 112
  2.14.2.4 Magnetic fastening 112
  2.14.3 Self-Latching 112
  2.14.3.1 Self-latching, lever release 112
  2.14.3.2 Self-latching contact 113
  2.14.3.3 Ejector latching 113
  2.14.3.4 Self-latching, slide release 114
  2.14.3.5 Self-latching, twist ring release 114
  2.14.3.6 Self-latching, button release 114
  2.14.3.7 Inertia latching 115
  2.14.3.8 Connector position assurance (CPA) 115
  2.14.4 Manual Latching 115
  2.14.4.1 Contact twist fastening 115
  2.14.4.2 Threaded ring fastening 116
  2.14.4.3 Screw fastening 116
  2.14.4.4 Spring fastening 116
  2.14.4.5 Clip ring fastening 116
  2.14.4.6 Lever fastening 116
  2.14.4.7 Buckle latch fastening 116
  2.14.5 Coupling 116
  2.14.5.1 Bayonet coupling 116
  2.14.5.2 Thread coupling 117
  2.14.5.3 Thread vs. bayonet comparison 119
  2.14.5.4 Cam coupling 119
  2.14.5.5 Screw coupling 120
  2.14.5.6 Spindle coupling 120
  2.14.6 Locking 120
  2.15 Housing 120
  2.15.1 Interconnect Parts 120
  2.15.2 Housing Materials 120
  2.15.2.1 Insulation housing materials 120
  2.15.2.2 Metal shell materials 120
  2.15.2.3 Latch materials 121
  2.15.2.4 Gaskets and seals 121
  2.15.3 Sealing 121
  2.15.3.1 Insertable contact sealing 121
  2.15.3.2 Cable entry sealing 121
  2.15.3.3 Mating face sealing 122
  2.15.3.4 Panel sealing 123
  2.15.3.5 Hermetic sealing 123
  2.15.4 Housing Color 123
  2.15.5 Plug Cable Entry 124
  2.15.5.1 Cable entry support, retention 124
  2.15.5.2 Cable shielding 124
  2.15.6 Multiple Parts Connectors 124
  2.15.6.1 Vertically stackable connectors 124
  2.15.6.2 End-stackable connectors 124
  2.15.6.3 Interlocking connectors 125
  2.15.6.4 Configurable connectors 125
  2.15.6.5 Configurable frames 125
  2.15.7 Integrated Components Connectors 126
  2.15.7.1 Filtered connectors 126
  2.15.7.2 Integrated magnetics connectors 126
  2.15.7.3 LED status connectors 126
  2.15.7.4 Integrated transducer fiber optic connector 126
  2.16 Ratings 126
  2.16.1 Clarifications Of Ratings 127
  2.16.1.1 Rating definition 127
  2.16.1.2 Each rating is independent of the others 127
  2.16.1.3 Contacts carry current, not power 127
  2.16.1.4 Voltage û current is not contact power 127
  2.16.2 DC Characteristics For A Single Circuit 127
  2.16.2.1 Connection resistance 128
  2.16.2.2 Mating cycles 128
  2.16.2.3 Voltage drop and contact resistance 129
  2.16.2.4 Temperature rise 129
  2.16.2.5 Current rating and derating 129
  2.16.3 DC Characteristics Across Circuits 129
  2.16.3.1 Insulation resistance 130
  2.16.3.2 Operating voltage 130
  2.16.3.3 Dielectric withstand voltage 130
  2.16.4 AC Characteristics 131
  2.16.4.1 dB 132
  2.16.4.2 Characteristic impedance 132
  2.16.4.3 Reflection coefficient, Return loss, VSWR 133
  2.16.4.4 Insertion loss 133
  2.16.4.5 Cutoff frequency 133
  2.16.4.6 Passive Intermodulation 134
  2.16.4.7 Inter-capacitance and cross-talk 134
  2.16.4.8 High-speed characteristics 134
  2.16.4.9 Shielding 135
  2.16.5 Environmental 135
  2.16.5.1 Operating temperature 135
  2.16.5.2 Flammability rating 135
  2.16.5.3 Firewall rating 135
  2.16.5.4 Altitude 135
  2.16.5.5 Harsh environments 135
  2.16.5.6 IP rating 135
  2.17 Standards And Application 136
  2.17.1 Industry-Standard, Proprietary, And Custom 136
  2.17.1.1 Industry-standard connectors 136
  2.17.1.2 Standards institutes and organizations 136
  2.17.2 Regulatory Certifications 137
  2.17.2.1 Safety certifications 137
  2.17.2.2 Performance certifications 137
  2.17.2.3 Industry-specific certifications 137
  2.17.3 Application 138
  2.18 Availability 138
  2.18.1 Region 138
  2.18.2 Obsolescence 138
  Chapter 3 Identification And Selection 139
  3.1 Chapter Introduction 139
  3.1.1 Tidbits 139
  3.1.2 Chapter Orientation 139
  3.2 Identification Process 139
  3.2.1 Identification Through The Identiconn 139
  3.2.1.1 Quick pick 140
  3.2.1.2 Quick filter 140
  3.2.1.3 Navigate by type 141
  3.2.1.4 Filter by characteristics 141
  3.2.2 Identification Through This Book 142
  3.2.2.1 Flowchart search in this book 142
  3.2.2.2 Term search in this book 142
  3.2.2.3 Picture search in this book 143
  3.2.3 Identification With Online Resources 145
  3.2.3.1 Distributors' websites 145
  3.2.3.2 Search engines 145
  3.2.3.3 Picture search 145
  3.2.4 Identification By Experts 145
  3.2.4.1 Common identification items 145
  3.2.4.2 Test interconnect identification items 146
  3.2.4.3 Terminal identification items 146
  3.2.4.4 Wire splice identification items 146
  3.2.4.5 Wiring interconnect identification items 146
  3.2.4.6 Junction and barrier blocks identification items 146
  3.2.4.7 Terminal block identification items 146
  3.2.4.8 Board-in interconnects identification items 147
  3.2.4.9 Device socket identification items 147
  3.2.4.10 Compression interconnect identification items 148
  3.2.4.11 Shroudless strip identification items 148
  3.2.4.12 Rectangular connector identification items 148
  3.2.4.13 Single-circuit connectors identification items 149
  3.2.4.14 Concentric connectors identification items 149
  3.2.4.15 Coax connectors identification items 149
  3.2.4.16 Circular connectors identification items 149
  3.2.4.17 Exterior signal identification items 150
  3.2.4.18 Exterior power identification items 150
  3.2.4.19 Industrial identification items 150
  3.2.5 Buying An Identified Interconnect 150
  3.3 Ways To Select An Interconnect 151
  3.3.1 Select By Asking The Experts 151
  3.3.2 Select Through Online Tools 151
  3.3.2.1 Manufacturer and distributors sites 151
  3.3.2.2 Identiconn 151
  3.3.3 Select By Attributes In This Book 151
  3.4 Selection By Main Attributes 152
  3.4.1 Main Attribute Solutions 152
  3.4.1.1 Selection by access 152
  3.4.1.2 Selection by mating structure 152
  3.4.1.3 Selection by circuits 152
  3.4.1.4 Selection by topology 152
  3.4.2 Wire-To-Wire Solutions 153
  3.4.2.1 Wire-to-wire, direct 153
  3.4.2.2 Single wires, one-piece 153
  3.4.2.3 Single-wire connectors 155
  3.4.2.4 Multi-wire connectors 156
  3.4.3 Cable-To-Cable/Wire Solutions 157
  3.4.3.1 Single-piece cable solutions 157
  3.4.3.2 Control cable connectors 157
  3.4.3.3 Connectors for other types of cable 158
  3.4.4 Wire-To-Board Solutions 159
  3.4.4.1 Direct wire-to-board 159
  3.4.4.2 Single-piece wire-to-board 159
  3.4.4.3 Two- piece wire-to-board 160
  3.4.4.4 Wire-to-board connectors 161
  3.4.5 Cable-To-Board Solutions 161
  3.4.5.1 Direct-to-PCB cable-to-board soldering 162
  3.4.5.2 Hot bar bonding, ACF, flex-on-board 162
  3.4.5.3 Single-piece cable-to-board 163
  3.4.5.4 Cable-to-board connectors 163
  3.4.6 Board-To-Board Solutions 165
  3.4.6.1 Parallel board-to-board solutions 165
  3.4.6.2 Perpendicular board-to-board solutions 170
  3.4.6.3 Coplanar board-to-board solutions 172
  3.4.6.4 Orthogonal board-to-board solutions 173
  3.4.6.5 Tilted board-to-board solutions 174
  3.4.7 Solutions For Other Connections 174
  3.4.7.1 Wire-to-panel 174
  3.4.7.2 Board-to-panel 175
  3.4.7.3 Other conductors 175
  3.5 Selection By Secondary Attributes 175
  3.5.1 Interconnects That Mate To Devices 175
  3.5.2 Selection By Termination And Mount 176
  3.5.2.1 Cable termination 176
  3.5.2.2 Wire termination 176
  3.5.2.3 PCB mount 177
  3.5.2.4 Panel mount 177
  3.5.3 Selection By Features 177
  3.5.3.1 Housing features 178
  3.5.3.2 Mating face features 178
  3.5.3.3 Fastening features 178
  3.6 Selection By Application 178
  3.6.1 Consumer Products 178
  3.6.1.1 Home appliances 178
  3.6.1.2 Audio and video, exterior 179
  3.6.1.3 Speakers 179
  3.6.1.4 Power tool batteries 179
  3.6.1.5 RC models 180
  3.6.1.6 Small batteries 180
  3.6.1.7 AC adapters, chargers 181
  3.6.1.8 Musical instruments 181
  3.6.2 Solid-State Lighting 181
  3.6.2.1 LED strips 181
  3.6.2.2 LED panels 182
  3.6.2.3 LED lamps 182
  3.6.2.4 LED power supplies 182
  3.6.2.5 Flat panel backlight connectors 183
  3.6.3 Computing Devices 183
  3.6.3.1 Exterior connectors 183
  3.6.3.2 Interior connectors, desktop computer 183
  3.6.3.3 Interior connectors, laptop computer 184
  3.6.3.4 Interior connectors, tablet computer 184
  3.6.4 Vehicles, Transportation 185
  3.6.4.1 Small EVs 185
  3.6.4.2 Passenger vehicles 185
  3.6.4.3 Other land vehicles 185
  3.6.4.4 Marine vessels 185
  3.6.4.5 Aviation 186
  3.6.5 Premises Wiring 186
  3.6.5.1 Utility-level power wiring 186
  3.6.5.2 Residential AC power wiring 186
  3.6.5.3 High-current DC wiring 187
  3.6.5.4 Solar power 187
  3.6.5.5 Low-current DC wiring 187
  3.6.5.6 Telephone land line 188
  3.6.6 Professional Applications 188
  3.6.6.1 Industrial 188
  3.6.6.2 Card cages, module crates, and racks 189
  3.6.6.3 Stage, public address, and broadcast 192
  3.6.6.4 Test equipment and fixtures 192
  3.6.6.5 Information Technology 193
  3.6.6.6 Telecom base station 193
  3.6.6.7 Extraction industry 193
  3.6.6.8 Wearable radios 193
  3.6.6.9 Security cameras 193
  3.6.6.10 Medical 194
  3.6.7 Environment 194
  3.6.7.1 Electromagnetic radiation 194
  3.6.7.2 Harsh environment, water 194
  3.6.7.3 Vibration 195
  3.6.7.4 Salt water spray 195
  3.6.7.5 Immersion 195
  3.6.7.6 Vacuum 196
  3.6.7.7 Mud and dirt 196
  3.6.7.8 Direct burial 196
  3.6.7.9 Nuclear radiation 196
  3.6.7.10 Explosive, fire 196
  3.6.8 High Voltage, Current, Speed 196
  3.6.8.1 High voltage rating 196
  3.6.8.2 High-speed operation 197
  3.6.8.3 High current rating 197
  Part B - Interconnects catalog 199
  Chapter 4 Test Interconnects 201
  4.1 Chapter Introduction 201
  4.1.1 Tidbits 201
  4.1.2 History Of Test Interconnects 201
  4.1.3 International Glossary 202
  4.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 203
  4.1.4.1 Test interconnects selection 203
  4.1.4.2 Other classes related to test interconnects 203
  4.1.5 Chapter Orientation 203
  4.2 Handheld Probes 204
  4.2.1 Meter Probes 204
  4.2.2 Scope Probes 204
  4.3 Test Clips 204
  4.3.1 Alligators, Crocodiles, Clamps 204
  4.3.1.1 Crocodile clip 205
  4.3.1.2 Alligator clip 205
  4.3.1.3 Piercing crocodile clip 206
  4.3.1.4 Five-way alligator clip 206
  4.3.1.5 Test clamp 206
  4.3.2 Grabber Clips 206
  4.3.3 Test Fixture Grabbers 207
  4.3.3.1 Hook test fixture grabbers 207
  4.3.3.2 Piercing test fixture grabbers 207
  4.3.4 IC Clips 208
  Chapter 5 Terminals 209
  5.1 Chapter Introduction 209
  5.1.1 Tidbits 209
  5.1.2 History Of Terminals 209
  5.1.3 International Glossary 209
  5.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 210
  5.1.5 Chapter Orientation 211
  5.2 Wire Terminals 212
  5.2.1 Tongue Crimp Terminals 212
  5.2.1.1 Ring terminals 213
  5.2.1.2 Slotted ring terminals 213
  5.2.1.3 Fork terminals 213
  5.2.1.4 Hook terminals 213
  5.2.2 Wire Terminals For Wire Cages 213
  5.2.2.1 Advantages of termination for wire cages 214
  5.2.2.2 Wire ferrules 215
  5.2.2.3 Wire pin terminals 215
  5.2.2.4 Blade terminals 215
  5.2.2.5 Knife terminals 215
  5.2.2.6 Speaker pins 215
  5.2.3 Misc. Wire Terminals 216
  5.2.3.1 Wire socket terminals 216
  5.2.3.2 Grounding wire terminals 216
  5.2.3.3 Magnet wire terminals 216
  5.3 Board Terminals 217
  5.3.1 Board Screw/Threaded Terminals 217
  5.3.1.1 Swaged screw terminals 217
  5.3.1.2 Through-hole screw terminals 217
  5.3.1.3 SMD threaded terminals 217
  5.3.1.4 Press-fit threaded terminals 217
  5.3.1.5 Wire-cage PCB terminals 218
  5.3.1.6 Broaching PCB fasteners 218
  5.3.2 Board Pins And Posts 218
  5.3.2.1 Pins and posts 218
  5.3.2.2 Turrets 219
  5.3.2.3 Test points 220
  5.3.3 Board Sockets 220
  5.3.3.1 Machined socket terminals 220
  5.3.3.2 Formed socket terminals 220
  5.4 Other Mount Terminals 220
  5.4.1 Loose Terminals 221
  5.4.2 Solder Lugs 221
  5.4.3 Foil Terminals 221
  Chapter 6 Wire splices 223
  6.1 Chapter Introduction 223
  6.1.1 Tidbits 223
  6.1.2 History Of Wire Splices 223
  6.1.3 International Glossary 224
  6.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 224
  6.1.4.1 Wire splice selection 224
  6.1.4.2 Classes related to wire splices 225
  6.1.5 Chapter Orientation 225
  6.2 Technical Notes, Wire Splices 225
  6.2.1 Wire Splice Types 226
  6.2.1.1 Permanent vs removable splices 226
  6.2.1.2 Joint vs. tap splices 226
  6.2.1.3 Aluminum and copper 226
  6.2.1.4 Splice kits 226
  6.2.2 Wire Splice Characteristics 226
  6.2.2.1 Number of wire entries 226
  6.2.2.2 Number of wires per entry 226
  6.2.2.3 Wire direction 227
  6.3 Catalog Of Splices 227
  6.3.1 Insulation Displacement Splices 227
  6.3.1.1 Button IDT splices 227
  6.3.1.2 Side-by-side IDT splices 228
  6.3.1.3 Hinged-cap IDT splices 228
  6.3.2 Crimp splices 228
  6.3.2.1 Butt crimp splices 228
  6.3.2.2 Parallel splices, crimp sleeves 229
  6.3.2.3 Crimp band splices 229
  6.3.2.4 Cap crimp splices 229
  6.3.2.5 B-wire piercing splices 229
  6.3.2.6 Multi-way splices 229
  6.3.3 Solder Splices 230
  6.3.3.1 Wire solder splices 230
  6.3.3.2 Coaxial cable splices 230
  6.3.4 Poke-In Splices 230
  6.3.4.1 Permanent poke-in splices 230
  6.3.4.2 Removable poke-in splices 230
  6.3.5 Lever Splices 230
  6.3.5.1 Single-end lever splices 231
  6.3.5.2 In-line lever splices 231
  6.3.6 Twist-On Splices (Wire Nuts) 231
  Chapter 7 Wiring Interconnects 233
  7.1 Chapter Introduction 233
  7.1.1 Tidbits 233
  7.1.2 History Of Wiring Interconnects 233
  7.1.3 International Glossary 234
  7.1.4 Chapter Orientation 234
  7.2 Ac Power Wiring Interconnects 235
  7.2.1 Ac Power Wiring Selection, Related Classes 235
  7.2.1.1 Classes related to AC power interconnects 235
  7.2.1.2 AC power wiring interconnects selection 235
  7.2.2 Compression Interconnects 236
  7.2.2.1 Tubular compression lugs 236
  7.2.2.2 Grounding compression connectors 237
  7.2.2.3 Compression connector 238
  7.2.2.4 Aluminum compression adapters 238
  7.2.3 Splicing Mechanical Connectors 238
  7.2.3.1 In-line splicer/reducer 238
  7.2.3.2 Shear bolt connectors 238
  7.2.3.3 Split bolts 238
  7.2.3.4 Parallel clamps 238
  7.2.4 Grounding Mechanical Connectors 238
  7.2.4.1 Ground rod clamps 238
  7.2.4.2 Lay-in ground lugs 239
  7.2.4.3 Ground lugs 239
  7.2.5 Ac Wiring Bars 239
  7.2.5.1 Insulated multi-tap connectors 239
  7.2.5.2 Neutral bar 239
  7.2.5.3 Ground bars 239
  7.2.6 Bus Bars And Straps 239
  7.2.6.1 Grounding bus bar 239
  7.2.6.2 Jumper bus bar 240
  7.2.6.3 Ground straps 240
  7.3 Terminal Strips, Boards, Blocks 240
  7.3.1 Solder Terminal Strips, Boards 240
  7.3.1.1 Turret strips and boards 240
  7.3.1.2 Solder terminal strips 240
  7.3.1.3 Ceramic tag strips 241
  7.3.2 Punch-Down Blocks 241
  7.4 Thru-Panel Wiring Interconnects 241
  7.4.1 Feedthrough Terminals 241
  7.4.2 Multi-Circuit Feedthroughs And Penetrators 242
  7.4.2.1 Subsea cable penetrators 242
  7.4.2.2 Subsea feedthrough penetrators 242
  7.4.2.3 Vacuum feedthroughs 242
  7.5 Cable Junctions 242
  7.5.1 Waterproof Cable Junctions 242
  7.6 Board-To-Board Permanent Interconnects 243
  7.6.1.1 Permanent board-to-board strips 243
  7.6.1.2 Lead strips 243
  Chapter 8 Junction And Barrier Blocks 245
  8.1 Chapter Introduction 245
  8.1.1 Tidbits 245
  8.1.2 History Of Junction And Barrier Blocks 245
  8.1.3 International Glossary 246
  8.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 246
  8.1.4.1 Junction and barrier block selection 246
  8.1.4.2 Classes related to junction, barrier blocks 246
  8.1.5 Chapter Orientation 247
  8.2 Technical Notes Junction & Barrier Blocks 247
  8.2.1 Barrier Vs. Junction Vs. Terminal Blocks 247
  8.2.2 Termination To A Screw 247
  8.2.2.1 Wire termination to a plain screw 248
  8.2.2.2 Wire termination to a captive-plate screw 248
  8.2.2.3 Tongue terminal termination 248
  8.2.2.4 Quick-connect disconnect termination 248
  8.2.3 Current Path 249
  8.3 Catalog Of Junction And Barrier Blocks 249
  8.3.1 Junction Interconnects 249
  8.3.1.1 Junction posts 249
  8.3.1.2 Junction feedthroughs 249
  8.3.1.3 Junction blocks 250
  8.3.1.4 Junction bars 250
  8.3.2 Barrier Blocks 250
  8.3.2.1 Panel-mount barrier blocks 251
  8.3.2.2 Feedthrough barrier blocks 251
  8.3.2.3 PCB barrier blocks 251
  8.3.2.4 Barrier block accessories 252
  8.4 Screw Terminal Strips And Boards 252
  Chapter 9 Terminal Blocks 253
  9.1 Chapter Introduction 253
  9.1.1 Tidbits 253
  9.1.2 History Of Terminal Blocks 253
  9.1.3 International Glossary 254
  9.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 254
  9.1.4.1 Terminal block selection 255
  9.1.4.2 Other classes related to terminal blocks 256
  9.1.5 Chapter Orientation 256
  9.2 Technical Notes, Terminal Blocks 257
  9.2.1 Terminal Blocks For Specific Applications 257
  9.2.1.1 Terminal blocks in AC power applications 257
  9.2.1.2 Terminal blocks for thermocouples 257
  9.2.2 Terminal Block Sizes 257
  9.2.2.1 Variable length terminal blocks 258
  9.2.2.2 Terminal block size notation 258
  9.3 Panel Terminal Blocks 258
  9.3.1 Tubular Terminal Strips, Blocks 258
  9.3.1.1 Europa-style terminal strips 259
  9.3.1.2 Pluggable Europa-style strips 259
  9.3.1.3 Quick-spring terminal strips 260
  9.3.1.4 Single-ended terminal strips 260
  9.3.2 Panel-Mount Terminal Blocks 260
  9.3.2.1 Modular panel-mount terminal blocks 260
  9.3.2.2 US power distribution terminal blocks 260
  9.3.2.3 EU power distribution terminal blocks 261
  9.3.2.4 Monolithic panel-mount terminal blocks 261
  9.3.3 Feedthrough Terminal Blocks 261
  9.3.3.1 Modular, feedthrough terminal blocks 261
  9.3.3.2 Monolithic feedthrough terminal blocks 262
  9.3.4 Rail Mount Terminal Blocks 262
  9.3.4.1 DIN rail terminal block mounting 263
  9.3.4.2 Termination of rail-mounted blocks 264
  9.3.4.3 Pitch of rail-mounted modular blocks 264
  9.3.4.4 Types of rail-mounted terminal blocks 264
  9.3.4.5 Rail-mounted terminal block accessories 265
  9.3.4.6 Rail-mounted monoblocks 266
  9.3.5 Transformer Terminal Blocks 266
  9.4 PCB Terminal Blocks 266
  9.4.1 PCB Terminal Block Characteristics 266
  9.4.1.1 PCB terminal block wire termination 267
  9.4.1.2 PCB terminal block wire entry 267
  9.4.1.3 PCB terminal block pitch 267
  9.4.1.4 PCB terminal block circuits and levels 268
  9.5 Pluggable Terminal Blocks 268
  9.5.1 Pluggable Terminal Block Characteristics 269
  9.5.1.1 Pluggable terminal block gender 269
  9.5.1.2 Pluggable plug wire entry orientation 269
  9.5.1.3 Pluggable block header orientation 270
  9.5.1.4 Pluggable terminal block rows, levels 270
  9.5.1.5 Pluggable block polarization and coding 271
  9.5.1.6 Pluggable terminal block fastening 271
  9.5.2 Standard Pluggable Terminal Blocks 271
  9.5.2.1 Pluggable terminal blocks, 2.5 mm 272
  9.5.2.2 Pluggable terminal blocks, 3.5 mm 272
  9.5.2.3 Pluggable terminal blocks, 3.81 mm 274
  9.5.2.4 Pluggable terminal blocks, 5 mm 275
  9.5.2.5 Pluggable terminal blocks, 5.08 mm 277
  9.5.2.6 Pluggable terminal blocks, 7.5 mm 278
  9.5.2.7 Pluggable terminal blocks 7.62mm 278
  9.5.2.8 Large pluggable terminal blocks 278
  9.5.3 Shroudless Pluggable Terminal Blocks 278
  9.5.3.1 Standard shroudless pluggable blocks 279
  9.5.3.2 Misc. shroudless terminal blocks 279
  Chapter 10 Board-In Interconnects 281
  10.1 Chapter Introduction 281
  10.1.1 Tidbits 281
  10.1.2 International Glossary 281
  10.1.3 History Of Board-In Interconnects 282
  10.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 282
  10.1.4.1 Board-in interconnect classification 282
  10.1.4.2 Board-in selection and related classes 282
  10.1.4.3 Classes related to board-in interconnects 283
  10.1.5 Chapter Orientation 283
  10.2 Board-In Terminals 283
  10.2.1 Board-In Wire Terminals 283
  10.2.1.1 Permanent board-in wire terminals 283
  10.2.1.2 Separable board-in wire terminals 284
  10.2.2 Board-In Cable Terminals 284
  10.2.2.1 Board-in FFC terminals 285
  10.2.3 Board-In PCB Terminals 285
  10.2.3.1 Poke-in board-in PCB terminals 285
  10.2.3.2 IDT board-in PCB terminals 285
  10.2.3.3 Solder board-in PCB terminals 285
  10.2.3.4 Wire-wrap board-in PCB terminals 285
  10.3 Board-In Wire Terminators And Blocks 286
  10.3.1 Board-In Wire Terminators 286
  10.3.1.1 Board-in crimp terminators 286
  10.3.1.2 Board-in IDT terminators 286
  10.3.2 Board-In Wire Blocks 286
  10.3.2.1 Board-in open IDT blocks 286
  10.3.2.2 Board-in button IDT blocks 287
  10.3.2.3 Board-in mass-terminated blocks 287
  10.3.2.4 Board-in poke-in blocks 287
  10.3.2.5 Board-in solder strips 287
  10.4 Board-in cable terminators and blocks 287
  10.4.1 Board-In Ribbon Cable Terminators And Blocks 287
  10.4.1.1 Transition connectors 288
  10.4.1.2 Ribbon cable poke-in traps 288
  10.4.2 Board-In Coaxial Cable Terminators And Blocks 288
  10.4.2.1 Board-in coaxial cable terminators 288
  10.4.2.2 Board-in coaxial cable blocks 288
  Chapter 11 Device Sockets 289
  11.1 Chapter Introduction 289
  11.1.1 Tidbits 289
  11.1.2 History Of Device Sockets 289
  11.1.3 International Glossary 290
  11.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 291
  11.1.5 Chapter Orientation 291
  11.2 Fuse Clips, Blocks, And Holders 292
  11.2.1 Fuse Socket Terminology 292
  11.2.1.1 Fuse blocks vs. fuse holders 292
  11.2.1.2 Ferrule vs. cartridge fuse 292
  11.2.2 Fuse Socket Considerations 293
  11.2.2.1 Fuse socket types 293
  11.2.2.2 Should fuses be placed in sockets? 293
  11.2.2.3 Fuse replaceability vs. shock safety 294
  11.2.2.4 Large fuses require sockets 294
  11.2.2.5 Jury rigging a fuse block 294
  11.2.2.6 Fuse thermal management 294
  11.2.2.7 Fuse socket materials 294
  11.2.2.8 Fuse failure / missing indicator 294
  11.2.3 Fuse Socket Characteristics 294
  11.2.3.1 Fuse and socket current ratings 294
  11.2.3.2 Fuse and socket voltage ratings 295
  11.2.3.3 Fuse and socket environmental ratings 295
  11.2.3.4 Fuse and socket mechanical ratings 295
  11.2.3.5 Fuse types and sizes 295
  11.2.4 Fuse Socket Selection And Related Classes 296
  11.2.4.1 Fuse socket selection guide 296
  11.2.4.2 Classes related to fuse sockets 296
  11.2.5 Small Ferrule Fuse Sockets 297
  11.2.5.1 Ferrule fuse clips 297
  11.2.5.2 Ferrule fuse blocks 298
  11.2.5.3 In-line ferrule fuse holders 298
  11.2.5.4 PCB ferrule fuse holders 298
  11.2.5.5 Bulkhead ferrule fuse holders 299
  11.2.5.6 Rail-mount ferrule fuse holders 299
  11.2.6 Large Cartridge Fuse Sockets 299
  11.2.6.1 Large ferrule fuse clips 299
  11.2.6.2 Large cartridge fuse studs and lugs 299
  11.2.6.3 Blade cartridge fuse blocks 300
  11.2.7 Automotive Fuse Sockets 300
  11.2.7.1 Automotive blade fuse sockets 300
  11.2.7.2 Automotive prismatic fuse blocks 301
  11.2.7.3 Automotive high current fuse sockets 301
  11.2.8 Other Fuse Sockets 301
  11.2.8.1 SMD brick fuse clips and blocks 301
  11.2.8.2 Radial fuse blocks and holders 302
  11.2.8.3 Edison base fuse blocks 302
  11.2.8.4 Marine-rated battery fuse blocks 302
  11.3 Cell, Battery Clips, Holders, Connectors 302
  11.3.1 Cell And Battery Socket Considerations 303
  11.3.1.1 Cell and battery types 303
  11.3.1.2 Cell vs. battery 303
  11.3.1.3 Protection from reverse installation 303
  11.3.1.4 Custom battery holders 304
  11.3.1.5 Li-ion safety concerns 304
  11.3.1.6 Vehicle reliability concerns 304
  11.3.2 Cell/Battery Socket Selection, Related Classes 304
  11.3.2.1 Cell and battery socket selection guide 304
  11.3.2.2 Classes related to cell and battery sockets 304
  11.3.3 Cell And Battery Socket Catalog 304
  11.3.3.1 Coin cell contacts, retainers, and holders 304
  11.3.3.2 Cylindrical cell contacts and holders 305
  11.3.3.3 9 V battery snaps, holders, connectors 306
  11.3.3.4 12 V battery terminals 306
  11.4 Semiconductor Sockets And Plugs 306
  11.4.1 Semi Socket Selection, Related Classes 306
  11.4.1.1 Semiconductor socket selection guide 306
  11.4.1.2 Classes related to semiconductor sockets 306
  11.4.2 Transistor Sockets 306
  11.4.3 IC Sockets 307
  11.4.3.1 DIP sockets 307
  11.4.3.2 ZIF DIP sockets 308
  11.4.3.3 SOIC ZIF sockets 308
  11.4.3.4 PLCC sockets 308
  11.4.3.5 TQFP ZIF sockets 309
  11.4.3.6 Grid array IC ZIF sockets 309
  11.4.3.7 Misc. sockets 309
  11.4.4 DIP Plugs 310
  11.4.4.1 DIP ribbon cable plugs 310
  11.4.4.2 DIP component carriers 310
  11.4.4.3 Male-to-male adapters 311
  11.4.4.4 IC adapters 311
  11.5 Card Edge Sockets 311
  11.5.1 Card Edge Socket Selection, Related Classes 312
  11.5.1.1 Card applications 312
  11.5.1.2 Card edge socket selection guide 312
  11.5.1.3 Classes related to card edge sockets 312
  11.5.2 Card Edge Characteristics 312
  11.5.2.1 Card edge shape 313
  11.5.2.2 Card edge rows and readouts 313
  11.5.2.3 Card edge pitch 313
  11.5.2.4 Card edge circuits 314
  11.5.3 Card Edge Socket, Mating Characteristics 315
  11.5.3.1 Acceptable card thicknesses 316
  11.5.3.2 Card edge socket coding and sections 316
  11.5.3.3 Card locking and support 316
  11.5.3.4 Card-edge socket rows and readouts 316
  11.5.3.5 Card edge socket contacts 317
  11.5.4 Card Edge Socket, Termination Characteristics 318
  11.5.4.1 PCB-mounted card edge sockets 318
  11.5.4.2 Panel-mounted card edge sockets 319
  11.5.4.3 Termination of card edge plugs 319
  11.5.5 Application-Specific Card Edge Sockets 319
  11.5.5.1 Sockets for memory cards 319
  11.5.5.2 Card edge sockets for card racks 320
  11.5.5.3 Card edge sockets for standard buses 320
  11.5.5.4 Card edge sockets for power supplies 321
  11.5.5.5 Card edge sockets for solid state lighting 321
  11.5.5.6 Card edge sockets for medical test strips 321
  11.5.6 Card Edge Plugs 321
  11.5.6.1 RAST 2.5 card edge plugs 321
  11.5.6.2 Other card edge plugs 322
  11.5.7 Card Edge Males And Interposers 322
  11.5.7.1 Male mates for card edge sockets 322
  11.5.7.2 Card edge double-ended sockets 322
  11.6 FFC Sockets 322
  11.6.1 FFC Socket Selection, Related Classes 323
  11.6.1.1 FFC socket selection guide 323
  11.6.1.2 Classes related to FFC sockets 323
  11.6.2 FFC/FPC Considerations 323
  11.6.2.1 Cable types 323
  11.6.2.2 FFC jumpers 323
  11.6.2.3 FPC tails 324
  11.6.3 FFC Socket Considerations 324
  11.6.3.1 Cable entry orientation, contacts 324
  11.6.3.2 Socket and cable circuit numbering 325
  11.6.3.3 FFC jumper circuit order reversal 326
  11.6.3.4 FFC socket compatibility with cable 327
  11.6.3.5 Sockets for shielded FFC 327
  11.6.3.6 FFC socket PCB termination 328
  11.6.3.7 Proper mating assurance 328
  11.6.3.8 Types of FFC sockets 328
  11.6.3.9 Latched FPC sockets 329
  11.6.3.10 FFC socket comparison 329
  11.6.4 LIF FFC Sockets 329
  11.6.5 Snap-In FPC Sockets 330
  11.6.6 ZIF FFC/FPC Sockets 331
  11.6.6.1 Slider FFC sockets 331
  11.6.6.2 Front-flip FFC socket 332
  11.6.6.3 Back-flip FFC socket 333
  11.6.7 FPC Jackets And Sockets 333
  11.7 Other Device Sockets 333
  11.7.1 Computer Card Sockets 333
  11.7.2 Ribbon Cable Poke-In Sockets 335
  11.7.3 LED Strip Interconnects 335
  11.7.3.1 LED strip sockets 335
  11.7.3.2 LED strip splices 335
  11.7.4 Electric Component Sockets 335
  11.7.4.1 Lamp sockets 335
  11.7.4.2 Vacuum tube sockets 336
  11.7.4.3 Relay sockets 336
  11.7.4.4 Switch sockets 337
  11.7.4.5 Crystal resonator sockets 338
  11.7.4.6 PCB clips 338
  11.7.4.7 Bus bar clips 338
  Chapter 12 Compression Interconnects 339
  12.1 Chapter Introduction 339
  12.1.1 Tidbits 339
  12.1.2 History Of Compression Interconnects 339
  12.1.3 International Glossary 339
  12.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 339
  12.1.4.1 Compression interconnects selection 339
  12.1.4.2 Classes related to compression interconnects 340
  12.1.5 Chapter Orientation 340
  12.2 Catalog Of Compression Interconnects 341
  12.2.1 Spring-Loaded Interconnects 341
  12.2.1.1 Pogo pins 341
  12.2.1.2 Pogo headers 341
  12.2.1.3 Test fixture probes 342
  12.2.1.4 Compression coax board-to-board 344
  12.2.1.5 PCB springs 344
  12.2.1.6 PCB spring leaves 344
  12.2.1.7 Spring leaf PCB headers 345
  12.2.1.8 Spring-loaded targets 345
  12.2.2 EMI Shielding Products 345
  12.2.2.1 EMI shielding resilient materials 345
  12.2.2.2 EMI finger stock 346
  12.2.3 Single-Piece Wire-To-Board Plugs 346
  12.2.3.1 Single-piece plugs to pads 346
  12.2.3.2 Single-piece to PCB plugs 347
  12.2.3.3 Clips to castellations 347
  12.2.4 Single-Piece Board-To-Board Interconnects 347
  12.2.4.1 Elastomeric strips 347
  12.2.4.2 Double-ended mezzanine interposers 348
  Chapter 13 Shroudless Strips 349
  13.1 Chapter Introduction 349
  13.1.1 Tidbits 349
  13.1.2 History Of Shroudless Strips 349
  13.1.2.1 "AmpModu", "Be.g., and "DuPont" 349
  13.1.2.2 Other companies 350
  13.1.3 International Glossary 350
  13.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 350
  13.1.4.1 Shroudless strip connectors selection 350
  13.1.4.2 Classes related to shroudless strips 350
  13.1.5 Chapter Orientation 350
  13.2 Technical Notes, Shroudless Strips 351
  13.2.1 Shroudless Strip Characteristics 351
  13.2.1.1 Shroudless strip sizes 351
  13.2.1.2 Shroudless strip intermateability 351
  13.2.1.3 "Two orientations" of right-angle strips 351
  13.2.1.4 Shroudless rectangular connectors contrast 352
  13.2.2 Applications Of Shroudless Strips 352
  13.2.2.1 Standard applications 352
  13.2.2.2 Unintended uses 353
  13.2.2.3 LED strip plugs 354
  13.2.2.4 LED strip adapters 354
  13.2.2.5 LED lamp connectors 354
  13.3 Shroudless Strip Catalog 355
  13.3.1 Shroudless Strip PCB Headers 355
  13.3.1.1 Shroudless strip male headers 355
  13.3.1.2 Shroudless strip stackers 356
  13.3.1.3 Shroudless strip female headers 356
  13.3.2 Shroudless Strip Plugs 357
  13.3.2.1 Male and female shroudless strip plugs 357
  13.3.2.2 Rectangular conversion frames 357
  13.3.3 Programming Jumpers/Shunts 358
  Chapter 14 Rectangular Connectors 359
  14.1 Chapter Introduction 359
  14.1.1 Tidbits 359
  14.1.2 History Of Rectangular Connectors 359
  14.1.2.1 Home appliance connectors 359
  14.1.2.2 Wire-to-wire connectors 360
  14.1.2.3 Wire-to-board connectors 360
  14.1.2.4 Board-to-board connectors 360
  14.1.2.5 Automotive connectors 360
  14.1.3 International Glossary 361
  14.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 361
  14.1.4.1 Classes related to rectangular connectors 361
  14.1.4.2 Rectangular connectors selection 362
  14.1.5 Chapter Orientation 362
  14.2 Technical Notes, Rectangular Connectors 362
  14.2.1 Parts Of A Rectangular Connector 362
  14.2.2 Contact Arrangement, Numbering 363
  14.2.2.1 Single-row arrangement, numbering 363
  14.2.2.2 Multi-row arrangement, numbering 364
  14.2.2.3 Staggered arrangement, numbering 365
  14.2.2.4 Hybrid positions arrangement, numbering 365
  14.2.3 Polarization, Keying, And Coding 365
  14.2.3.1 Polarization 365
  14.2.3.2 Keying and coding 367
  14.2.4 Fastening Of Rectangular Connectors 367
  14.3 Board-To-Board Connectors 368
  14.3.1 Board-To-Board Connectors Topologies 368
  14.3.1.1 Parallel topologies, mezzanine 368
  14.3.1.2 Perpendicular topologies, backplane 370
  14.3.1.3 Perpendicular topologies, orthogonal 371
  14.3.1.4 Coplanar topology 372
  14.3.1.5 Connectors for each topology 372
  14.3.2 Technical Notes, Board-To-Board Connectors 372
  14.3.2.1 Misalignment, blind mating 372
  14.3.2.2 Board-to-board polarity 372
  14.3.2.3 C-E vs. C-T cross-section 373
  14.3.2.4 Connector gender 373
  14.3.3 Low Profile Mezzanine Connectors 373
  14.3.3.1 Single-beam mezzanine connectors 374
  14.3.3.2 Dual-beam, inner-contact mezzanine 374
  14.3.3.3 Dual-beam, outer-contact mezzanine 374
  14.3.3.4 Standard dual-beam mezzanine connectors 375
  14.3.3.5 Hybrid dual-beam mezzanine connectors 375
  14.3.4 Small Genderless Board-To-Board Connectors 376
  14.3.4.1 Unpolarized board-to-board connectors 376
  14.3.4.2 Polarized board-to-board connectors 376
  14.3.4.3 Pegged board-to-board connectors 376
  14.3.4.4 Special contacts board-to-board conn. 376
  14.3.4.5 Floating board-to-board connectors 377
  14.3.4.6 Other genderless board-to-board conn. 377
  14.3.5 Small Gendered Board-To-Board Connectors 377
  14.3.5.1 Classic single-row board-to-board conn. 377
  14.3.5.2 SMC rectangular connectors 378
  14.3.5.3 Partitioned board-to-board connectors 378
  14.3.5.4 Self-mate board-to-board connectors 378
  14.3.6 Array Board-To-Board Connectors 378
  14.3.6.1 DIN 41612 connectors 378
  14.3.6.2 High-density b-to-b connectors 380
  14.3.6.3 Hard metric board-to-board connectors 380
  14.3.6.4 Misc. gendered array b-to-b connectors 382
  14.3.6.5 Genderless array board-to-board 382
  14.3.7 Blade Board-To-Board Connectors 383
  14.3.7.1 Parallel-blade board-to-board connectors 383
  14.3.7.2 Coplanar-blades board-to-board conn. 383
  14.3.7.3 Split-blade board-to-board connectors 383
  14.3.7.4 Battery blade board-to-board connectors 384
  14.3.7.5 Solid-state lighting blade connectors 384
  14.3.8 Misc. Board-To-Board Connectors 385
  14.3.8.1 Vintage shroudless card cage connectors 385
  14.3.8.2 Other b-to-b connectors 386
  14.4 General-Purpose Connectors 386
  14.4.1 Prismatic Connectors 387
  14.4.1.1 Unlatched prismatic crimp connectors 387
  14.4.1.2 Prismatic connectors for RC models 388
  14.4.1.3 Prismatic connectors for solid-state lighting 388
  14.4.1.4 Prismatic connectors for computers 388
  14.4.1.5 FFC-terminated prismatic connectors 389
  14.4.1.6 Narrow ribbon cable prismatic connectors 389
  14.4.1.7 Bump IDC 390
  14.4.1.8 Latched prismatic crimp connectors 392
  14.4.1.9 Miniflex connectors 393
  14.4.2 Pin-And-Socket Connectors 393
  14.4.2.1 Pin-and-socket contacts 394
  14.4.2.2 Pin-and-socket housings 394
  14.4.2.3 Pin-and-socket positions arrangement 395
  14.4.3 Partitioned Face Rectangular Connectors 395
  14.4.3.1 Rounded partition connectors 396
  14.4.3.2 Mini Fit partitioned connectors 397
  14.4.3.3 Mini Fit connector variants 398
  14.4.3.4 Micro Fit connectors 399
  14.4.3.5 Other "Fit" derivatives 399
  14.4.3.6 Misc. partitioned face connectors 400
  14.4.4 Single-Wall Connectors 400
  14.4.4.1 3.96 mm single-wall connectors 400
  14.4.4.2 2.54 mm single-wall connectors 401
  14.4.4.3 CPU fan connectors 401
  14.4.4.4 Single-wall connector position numbering 402
  14.4.4.5 Single-wall connectors with missing pins 402
  14.4.4.6 Single-wall derivatives 403
  14.4.5 Small Wire-To-Board Connectors 403
  14.4.5.1 Low profile connector definition 403
  14.4.5.2 Low-profile headers 403
  14.4.5.3 Low-profile plugs 405
  14.4.5.4 Low-profile connector polarization 405
  14.4.5.5 Low-profile connector fastening 406
  14.4.5.6 Low profile connector compatibility 406
  14.4.5.7 Low-profile sidelined connectors 406
  14.4.5.8 Parallel-mate connectors 408
  14.4.6 Full-Size Regular Connectors 408
  14.4.6.1 Metrimate / Trident connectors 408
  14.4.6.2 Dynamic / JFA connectors 409
  14.4.6.3 Wire-to-wire connectors 410
  14.4.7 Irregular Gendered Rectangular Conn. 410
  14.4.7.1 Shroudless polarized wire-to-board connectors 411
  14.4.7.2 LVDS connectors 411
  14.4.7.3 Magnetic Pogo rectangular connectors 412
  14.4.7.4 Other irregular rectangular connectors 413
  14.5 Application-Specific Connectors 413
  14.5.1 Appliance Connectors 413
  14.5.1.1 Standard Timer sockets 413
  14.5.1.2 Faston boots 413
  14.5.1.3 RAST 5 connectors 414
  14.5.2 Automotive Connectors 414
  14.5.2.1 Automotive connector contacts 415
  14.5.2.2 Contact insertion and Terminal Position Assurance 415
  14.5.2.3 Automotive connector keying 416
  14.5.2.4 Automotive connector sealing 416
  14.5.2.5 Automotive connector latching, coupling 416
  14.5.2.6 Automotive connector mount 417
  14.5.2.7 Wire-to-wire automotive connectors 417
  14.5.2.8 Wire-to-board automotive connectors 418
  14.5.2.9 CAN bus distribution blocks 418
  14.5.2.10 Automotive RF/high-speed connectors 418
  14.5.2.11 High-current EV connectors 419
  14.5.2.12 2.8mm "automobile" connectors 419
  14.5.2.13 SAE J1239 connectors, derivatives 419
  14.5.3 Hot-Pluggable Connectors 420
  14.5.3.1 SATA hot-pluggable connectors 420
  14.5.3.2 SFF-8087 hot-pluggable connectors 421
  14.5.3.3 SAS/PCIe hot-pluggable connectors 421
  14.5.3.4 SFP hot-pluggable connectors 421
  14.5.3.5 Misc. hot-pluggable connectors 422
  14.5.4 RC Model Power Connectors 422
  14.5.4.1 Bullet-type RC model connectors 422
  14.5.4.2 Other RC model connectors 422
  14.5.5 Misc. Application-Specific Connectors 424
  14.5.5.1 Sensor connectors 424
  14.5.5.2 High-voltage connectors 424
  14.5.5.3 Safety disconnects 424
  14.5.5.4 Thermocouple connectors 425
  14.5.5.5 Power tool battery connectors 425
  14.5.5.6 Lighting fixture connectors 425
  Chapter 15 Single-Circuit Connectors 427
  15.1 Chapter Introduction 427
  15.1.1 Tidbits 427
  15.1.2 History Of Single-Circuit Connectors 427
  15.1.3 International Glossary 428
  15.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 429
  15.1.4.1 Single-circuit connectors selection 429
  15.1.4.2 Classes related to single-circuit connectors 429
  15.1.5 Chapter Orientation 430
  15.2 Disconnects 430
  15.2.1 Quick-Connect Disconnects 430
  15.2.1.1 Quick-connect sizes 430
  15.2.1.2 0. 250" quick-connects 431
  15.2.1.3 Latching quick-connect plugs 432
  15.2.1.4 Quick-connect adapters 432
  15.2.2 Other Disconnects 432
  15.2.2.1 Packard 56 432
  15.2.2.2 Bullet disconnects 432
  15.2.2.3 Knife disconnects 432
  15.2.2.4 Snap disconnects 433
  15.3 Naked-Pin Connectors 433
  15.3.1 Banana Connectors And Binding Posts 433
  15.3.1.1 Binding posts 433
  15.3.1.2 Banana connectors 434
  15.3.1.3 Banana variants 434
  15.3.2 Small Naked-Pin Connectors 435
  15.3.2.1 Tip connectors 435
  15.3.2.2 Wander plugs 435
  15.3.2.3 Board pins and wire sockets 435
  15.3.2.4 Board-to-board connectors 435
  15.3.3 Large Naked-Pin Connectors 436
  15.3.3.1 RC bullet connectors 436
  15.3.3.2 Radsok connectors 436
  15.4 Unipole Connectors 436
  15.4.1 Technical Notes, Unipole Connectors 436
  15.4.1.1 Shielded unipole connectors 437
  15.4.1.2 Unipole latching 437
  15.4.2 Signal Unipole Connectors 437
  15.4.2.1 Pin-and-socket unipole connectors 437
  15.4.2.2 Slim metal unipole connectors 437
  15.4.2.3 Rubber unipole connectors 437
  15.4.2.4 Surface electrode connectors 437
  15.4.3 High-Power Unipole Connectors 438
  15.4.3.1 PowerPole connectors 438
  15.4.3.2 Camlock connectors 438
  15.4.3.3 Powerlock connectors 439
  15.4.3.4 Energy storage connectors 440
  15.4.3.5 Large metal unipole connectors 440
  15.4.3.6 High-current plastic unipolar 441
  15.4.3.7 Solar panel connectors, MC4 441
  15.4.3.8 Misc. high-power unipole connectors 441
  Chapter 16 Concentric Connectors 443
  16.1 Chapter Introduction 443
  16.1.1 Tidbits 443
  16.1.2 History Of Concentric Connectors 443
  16.1.2.1 Phone connector 444
  16.1.2.2 Cigarette lighter connector 444
  16.1.2.3 Phono connector 445
  16.1.2.4 Coax barrel power plug 445
  16.1.3 International Glossary 445
  16.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 446
  16.1.4.1 Concentric connectors selection 446
  16.1.4.2 Classes related to concentric connectors 446
  16.2 Chapter Orientation 446
  16.3 Catalog Of Concentric Connectors 446
  16.3.1 Phone Connectors 446
  16.3.1.1 1/4-inch Phone connectors 447
  16.3.1.2 Phone connectors variants 447
  16.3.1.3 Miniature Phone connectors 448
  16.3.1.4 Miniature phone connectors variants 448
  16.3.2 Coax Barrel Power Couplers 449
  16.3.2.1 Standard coax barrel power couplers 449
  16.3.2.2 EIAJ coax barrel power couplers 450
  16.3.2.3 CCTV coax barrel power coupler 451
  16.3.2.4 Coax barrel power coupler variants 451
  16.3.3 Other Concentric Connectors 452
  16.3.3.1 Phono (RCA) connectors 452
  16.3.3.2 Cigarette lighter connectors 453
  16.3.3.3 Coplanar concentric connectors 453
  16.3.3.4 Flush concentric connectors 454
  16.3.3.5 Misc. concentric connectors 454
  16.3.4 Concentric Adapters 454
  Chapter 17 Coax Connectors 455
  17.1 Chapter Introduction 455
  17.1.1 Tidbits 455
  17.1.2 History Of Coax/RF Connectors 456
  17.1.3 International Glossary 457
  17.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 457
  17.1.5 Chapter Orientation 457
  17.2 Technical Notes, Coax Connectors 458
  17.2.1 Coax Connector Electrical Characteristics 458
  17.2.1.1 Coax connector characteristic impedance 458
  17.2.1.2 Coax connector cutoff frequency 458
  17.2.1.3 Coax connector power handling 460
  17.2.1.4 Coaxial cable power handling 461
  17.2.1.5 Coax connector insertion loss 461
  17.2.2 Coaxial Connector Mechanical Characteristics 461
  17.2.2.1 Gender of coax connectors 461
  17.2.2.2 Reverse polarity coax connectors 461
  17.2.2.3 Parts of a coax connector 462
  17.2.2.4 Shield/fastener separation 462
  17.2.2.5 Mating vs. shield diameter 463
  17.2.2.6 Coaxial connector mating cycles 464
  17.2.2.7 Coaxial connector fastening and coupling 464
  17.2.2.8 Keying of coax connectors 464
  17.2.3 Coax Connector Termination 465
  17.2.3.1 Coax plugs 465
  17.2.3.2 Panel-mount coax receptacles 465
  17.2.3.3 Coaxial cable compatibility 466
  17.2.3.4 PCB-mount coax connectors 466
  17.3 Catalog Of Coax/RF Connectors 467
  17.3.1 Miniature RF Cable-To-Board Connectors 467
  17.3.2 Microwave Connectors 468
  17.3.2.1 Blind-mate microwave connectors 468
  17.3.2.2 Large microwave connectors 469
  17.3.2.3 SMA microwave connectors, derivatives 470
  17.3.2.4 Medium microwave connectors 471
  17.3.2.5 SMB microwave connectors, derivatives 471
  17.3.2.6 Small microwave connectors 472
  17.3.3 Standard Exterior RF Connectors 473
  17.3.3.1 Belling Lee 474
  17.3.3.2 UHF connector and derivatives 474
  17.3.3.3 N-type connectors and derivatives 474
  17.3.3.4 BNC connectors 475
  17.3.3.5 BNC derivative connectors 475
  17.3.3.6 TNC connectors and derivatives 476
  17.3.3.7 F-type connector 477
  17.3.3.8 Other TV and video coax connectors 477
  17.3.3.9 Telecom RF connectors 477
  17.3.3.10 Misc, standard RF connectors 478
  17.3.4 Atypical Exterior RF Connectors 478
  17.3.4.1 Genderless, self-mate RF connectors 478
  17.3.4.2 Slim coax connectors 479
  17.3.4.3 Mobile antenna connectors 479
  17.3.4.4 High-power EIA flange RF connectors 479
  17.3.5 Non-RF Coax Connectors 480
  17.3.5.1 Twinax connectors 480
  17.3.5.2 Triax connectors 480
  17.3.5.3 High voltage coax connectors 481
  17.4 Coaxial Ancillary Components 481
  17.4.1 Coax couplers, Adapters, And Splitters 482
  17.4.1.1 Coax couplers 482
  17.4.1.2 Coax splitters 482
  17.4.1.3 Between series coax adapters 483
  17.4.2 Coax Accessories 483
  17.5 Waveguide Flanges 484
  Chapter 18 Circular Connectors 485
  18.1 Chapter Introduction 485
  18.1.1 Tidbits 485
  18.1.2 History Of Circular Connectors 485
  18.1.2.1 Starting in California 486
  18.1.2.2 Meanwhile, in Europe 486
  18.1.2.3 And in Asia 486
  18.1.3 International Glossary 487
  18.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 487
  18.1.4.1 Circular connectors selection 487
  18.1.4.2 Classes related to circular connectors 487
  18.1.5 Chapter Orientation 488
  18.2 Technical Notes, Circular Connectors 488
  18.2.1 Circular Connector Characteristics 488
  18.2.1.1 Circular connector termination and mount 488
  18.2.1.2 Parts of a circular connector 489
  18.2.1.3 Contact arrangement and numbering 490
  18.2.1.4 Circular connector polarization 491
  18.2.2 Circular Connector Mating 492
  18.2.2.1 Scooping 492
  18.2.2.2 Circular connector fastening, coupling 493
  18.3 General-Purpose Circular Connectors 493
  18.3.1 XLR Circular Connectors And Derivatives 493
  18.3.1.1 XLR circular connectors 493
  18.3.1.2 XLR derivatives 494
  18.3.1.3 Mini-XLR circular connectors 494
  18.3.2 DIN-Type Circular Connectors 494
  18.3.2.1 Tuchel circular connectors 494
  18.3.2.2 DIN circular connectors 494
  18.3.2.3 Mini-DIN circular connectors 497
  18.3.2.4 Mini-DIN connector derivatives 497
  18.3.2.5 Power DIN 498
  18.3.3 MIL-Spec Circular Connectors 498
  18.3.3.1 MIL-spec arrangement, numbering 499
  18.3.3.2 MIL-DTL-38999 connectors 500
  18.3.4 CPC And CMC Circular Connectors 502
  18.3.4.1 CPC circular connectors 502
  18.3.4.2 CMC circular connectors 502
  18.3.5 Classic Metal Circular Connectors 504
  18.3.5.1 GX metal circular connectors 504
  18.3.5.2 CNR01/'P' metal circular connectors 504
  18.3.5.3 XS metal circular connectors 506
  18.3.6 IEC Industrial Circular Connectors 506
  18.3.6.1 IEC connector technical notes 506
  18.3.6.2 M5 and M8 IEC circular connectors 508
  18.3.6.3 M12 IEC circular connectors 509
  18.3.6.4 Large IEC circular connectors 510
  18.3.6.5 Industrial motor IEC circular connectors 512
  18.3.6.6 7/8" circular connectors 512
  18.3.6.7 NMEA 2000 circular connectors 512
  18.3.7 Slim Circular Connectors 513
  18.3.7.1 Plastic shell slim circular connectors 513
  18.3.7.2 Medical slim circular connectors 514
  18.3.7.3 Metal shell slim circular connectors 514
  18.3.7.4 High-density push-pull connectors 514
  18.3.8 Tri-Eco Power Circular Connectors 515
  18.3.9 X-Style Circular Connectors 516
  18.3.10 Plastic Power Circular Connectors 517
  18.3.10.1 RD24 circular connectors 517
  18.3.10.2 Bulgin Buccaneer connectors 517
  18.3.10.3 SP plastic circular connectors 517
  18.3.11 Micro/Nano Circular Connectors 518
  18.3.12 Proprietary Circular Connectors 518
  18.3.12.1 WeiPu circular connectors 518
  18.3.12.2 Push-button latch circular connectors 519
  18.4 Application-Specific Circular Connectors 519
  18.4.1 Lighting Circular Connectors 519
  18.4.1.1 Stage lighting circular connectors 519
  18.4.1.2 LED lighting 519
  18.4.1.3 Accent lighting circular connectors 521
  18.4.2 E-Bike Circular Connectors 521
  18.4.2.1 E-bike signal connectors 522
  18.4.2.2 E-bike motor connectors 522
  18.4.2.3 E-bike battery connectors 523
  18.4.2.4 E-bike charger connectors 523
  18.4.3 Automotive Circular Connectors 523
  18.4.3.1 HSD circular connectors 524
  18.4.3.2 ISO 15170 circular connectors 524
  18.4.3.3 Harsh environment circular connectors 524
  18.4.3.4 Misc. automotive circular connectors 524
  18.4.3.5 Tractor trailer connectors 524
  18.4.4 Other Transportation Circular Connectors 525
  18.4.4.1 Aviation circular connectors 525
  18.4.4.2 Railway circular connectors 525
  18.4.5 Immersion Circular Connectors 526
  18.4.5.1 Dry-mate immersion circular connectors 526
  18.4.5.2 Wet-mate immersion circular connectors 526
  18.4.5.3 Downhole circular connectors 526
  18.4.6 Industrial Circular Connectors 526
  18.4.6.1 Explosion-proof circular connectors 527
  18.4.6.2 Nuclear radiation circular connectors 527
  18.4.6.3 Vacuum circular connectors 527
  18.4.6.4 Base station circular connectors 528
  18.4.6.5 Ethernet circular connectors 528
  18.5 Irregular Circular Connectors 528
  18.5.1 Shroudless Circular Connectors 528
  18.5.1.1 Vintage shroudless circular connectors 528
  18.5.1.2 Circle hex connectors 528
  18.5.1.3 DIN speaker connectors 528
  18.5.2 Genderless Circular Connectors 529
  18.5.2.1 Pogo-pin communication equipment 529
  18.5.2.2 Magnetic circular connectors 529
  18.5.2.3 speakOn public address connectors 529
  18.5.3 Circular Connectors With Sub-Connectors 530
  18.5.3.1 Compound circular connectors 530
  18.5.3.2 Data I/O circular connectors 530
  Chapter 19 Exterior Signal Connectors 531
  19.1 Chapter Introduction 531
  19.1.1 Tidbits 531
  19.1.2 History Of Exterior Signal Connectors 531
  19.1.2.1 Telephone connector history 531
  19.1.2.2 D-shell connector history 532
  19.1.2.3 Data I/O connector history 532
  19.1.3 International Glossary 532
  19.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 532
  19.1.4.1 Exterior signal connector selection 533
  19.1.4.2 Classes related to exterior signal conn. 533
  19.1.5 Chapter Orientation 533
  19.2 D-shell Connectors 534
  19.2.1 Genderless D-Shell Connectors 534
  19.2.1.1 Micro-Ribbon connectors 534
  19.2.1.2 Mini-D ribbon connectors 535
  19.2.1.3 Shrunk-D ribbon connectors 535
  19.2.2 Gendered D-Shell Connectors 535
  19.2.2.1 D-sub connectors 535
  19.2.2.2 Micro-D connectors 538
  19.2.2.3 Nano-D connectors 539
  19.2.2.4 Other gendered D-shell connectors 539
  19.3 Telephone And Modular Connectors 540
  19.3.1 Vintage Telephone Connectors 540
  19.3.2 Modular Connectors, Registered Jack 540
  19.3.2.1 Modular plugs and jacks 540
  19.3.2.2 Registered Jack and modular notation 541
  19.3.2.3 Circular modular connectors 541
  19.3.2.4 Modular connector derivatives 542
  19.4 Data I/O Connectors 542
  19.4.1 USB Connectors 542
  19.4.1.1 USB host and device 543
  19.4.1.2 Standard USB connectors 543
  19.4.1.3 USB variants 545
  19.4.1.4 Proprietary USB connectors 546
  19.4.2 Other Data I/O Connectors 546
  19.4.2.1 eSata 546
  19.4.2.2 HDI 547
  19.4.2.3 ix industrial 547
  19.4.2.4 Firewire IEEE1394 547
  19.4.2.5 Lightning 548
  19.4.2.6 Thunderbolt 548
  19.4.3 Video I/O Connectors 548
  19.4.3.1 DisplayPort 548
  19.4.3.2 DVI 548
  19.4.3.3 HDMI 550
  19.4.3.4 SCART 550
  19.5 Misc. Exterior Signal Connectors 550
  19.5.1.1 Magnetic Pogo connectors 550
  19.5.1.2 Home theater speaker connectors 550
  Chapter 20 Exterior Power Connectors 553
  20.1 Chapter Introduction 553
  20.1.1 Tidbits 553
  20.1.2 History Of Exterior Power Connectors 553
  20.1.2.1 US AC power connector history 553
  20.1.2.2 German AC power connector history 553
  20.1.2.3 UK AC power connector history 554
  20.1.2.4 DC power connector history 554
  20.1.3 International Glossary 554
  20.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 554
  20.1.4.1 Classes related to exterior power conn. 554
  20.1.4.2 Exterior power connector selection 555
  20.1.5 Chapter Orientation 556
  20.2 AC Power Connectors 556
  20.2.1 AC Power Connector Terminology 557
  20.2.1.1 Outlet, inlet, and plug 557
  20.2.1.2 Genders 557
  20.2.1.3 Coupler 557
  20.2.1.4 Prong 557
  20.2.1.5 Grounded vs. grounding 558
  20.2.1.6 Pole 558
  20.2.1.7 Parts of an AC power connector 558
  20.2.2 AC Power Connector Termination 559
  20.2.2.1 AC power polarity 559
  20.2.2.2 AC wire color code 559
  20.2.3 Consumer AC Power Connectors 559
  20.2.3.1 Why so many different plugs? 560
  20.2.3.2 Country connector type codes 560
  20.2.3.3 CEE 7 and Type C, E, F connectors 563
  20.2.3.4 NEMA and Type A, B connectors 564
  20.2.3.5 UK and Type G connectors 566
  20.2.3.6 Denmark and Type K connectors 566
  20.2.3.7 Thailand Type O connectors 566
  20.2.3.8 Israel and Type H connectors 566
  20.2.3.9 Australia, Argentina, and Type I conn. 566
  20.2.3.10 Switzerland and Type J connectors 567
  20.2.3.11 Italian and Type L connectors 567
  20.2.3.12 India, South Africa and Types D, M 567
  20.2.3.13 South Africa, Brazil, and Type N 568
  20.2.3.14 Multi-standard outlets 568
  20.2.3.15 AC power adapters 568
  20.2.4 NEMA Industrial AC Connectors 568
  20.2.4.1 NEMA standard high-power connectors 569
  20.2.4.2 NEMA twist-lock connectors 571
  20.2.5 Pin-And-Sleeve AC Power Connectors 572
  20.2.5.1 NEMA Pin-and-sleeve connectors 572
  20.2.5.2 IEC 60309 Pin-and-sleeve connectors 573
  20.2.6 Appliance AC Coupler 574
  20.2.6.1 Vintage appliance couplers 574
  20.2.6.2 IEC 60320 appliance couplers 575
  20.2.6.3 Power entry modules 577
  20.2.7 Industry-Specific AC Power Connectors 577
  20.2.7.1 Public address, powerCON connectors 577
  20.2.7.2 Other stage AC power connectors 577
  20.2.7.3 EV charging connectors 579
  20.2.8 Weird AC Connectors 579
  20.3 DC Power Connectors 580
  20.3.1 DC Couplers 580
  20.3.2 Electric Vehicle DC Connectors 580
  20.3.2.1 Anderson Power SB battery connectors 581
  20.3.2.2 Euro Battery Connector 581
  20.3.2.3 E-bike DC charging connectors 582
  20.3.2.4 Golf cart charging connectors 582
  Chapter 21 Industrial Connectors 583
  21.1 Chapter Introduction 583
  21.1.1 Tidbits 583
  21.1.2 History Of Industrial Connectors 583
  21.1.3 International Glossary 584
  21.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 584
  21.2 Chapter Orientation 586
  21.3 Heavy-Duty Connectors 586
  21.3.1 Heavy-Duty Connector Introduction 586
  21.3.1.1 Sizes 586
  21.3.1.2 Family members 587
  21.3.1.3 Power Earth 587
  21.3.2 Heavy-Duty Connector Housings 588
  21.3.2.1 Materials 588
  21.3.2.2 Latching and fastening 588
  21.3.2.3 Heavy-duty connector sealing 589
  21.3.2.4 EMC connectors 589
  21.3.2.5 Hoods 589
  21.3.2.6 Bases 590
  21.3.2.7 Coupling hoods 590
  21.3.2.8 Cable glands 590
  21.3.2.9 DIN rail mount 590
  21.3.2.10 Docking frames 590
  21.3.2.11 Explosion-proof heavy-duty connectors 591
  21.3.3 Heavy-Duty Connector Inserts 591
  21.3.3.1 Group B monoblock inserts 591
  21.3.3.2 Group A monoblock inserts 592
  21.3.3.3 Modular frames and inserts 592
  21.3.4 Heavy-Duty Connector Accessories 593
  21.3.4.1 Crimp contacts 594
  21.3.4.2 Coding accessories 594
  21.3.5 Proprietary Heavy-Duty Connectors 594
  21.4 Other Industrial Connectors 594
  21.4.1 Industrial Valve Sockets 594
  21.4.2 Vintage Rectangular Connectors 595
  21.4.2.1 Cinch Jones connectors 595
  21.4.2.2 Vintage pin and fork connectors 595
  21.4.2.3 DIN 41618 and DIN 41622 connectors 596
  21.4.2.4 Vintage diagonal fork connectors 596
  21.4.3 Drawer Connectors 596
  21.4.3.1 Shroudless gendered drawer connectors 596
  21.4.3.2 Genderless drawer connectors 597
  21.4.3.3 Shrouded gendered drawer connectors 597
  21.4.3.4 Drawer connector frames 598
  21.4.3.5 Avionics drawer connectors 598
  21.4.4 Terminal Junction Systems 599
  21.4.4.1 Terminal Junction Systems introduction 599
  21.4.4.2 Rail-mount terminal junction modules 599
  21.4.4.3 Solder terminal junction modules 600
  21.4.4.4 Panel-mount terminal junctions 600
  21.4.4.5 Terminal junction plugs 600
  21.4.4.6 Terminal junction splices 600
  Chapter 22 Multiple-Class Interconnects 601
  22.1 Chapter Introduction 601
  22.2 Adapters between classes 601
  22.3 Misc. Multi-Class Interconnects 602
  22.4 Breakout Boards 602
  Chapter 23 Non-Electric Components 603
  23.1 Chapter Introduction 603
  23.2 Fiber-Optic Connectors 603
  23.3 Accessories 604
  23.3.1 Connector Accessories 604
  23.3.1.1 Keystone wall plates 604
  23.3.1.2 Connector frames 605
  23.3.1.3 Ferrite plates 605
  23.3.2 Cable Accessories 605
  23.3.2.1 Cable grommets, bushings, and glands 605
  23.3.2.2 Board-in ribbon cable guides 605
  Part C - Using interconnects 607
  Chapter 24 Design 609
  24.1 Electrical Design 609
  24.1.1 Tips 609
  24.1.1.1 Design for PCB layout ease 609
  24.1.1.2 Design for manufacturability 609
  24.1.1.3 Design for reliability 609
  24.1.2 Component Selection 609
  24.1.2.1 Select reliable interconnects 609
  24.1.2.2 Keep the user from connecting the wrong cable 609
  24.1.2.3 Surface mount components 610
  24.1.2.4 Direct wire-to-PCB soldering 610
  24.1.3 Schematic Diagrams 611
  24.1.3.1 Schematic diagram symbols 611
  24.1.3.2 Schematic diagram designators 611
  24.1.4 PCB Layout 612
  24.1.4.1 Through-hole interconnects 612
  24.1.4.2 Press-fit interconnects 613
  24.1.4.3 Surface mounted interconnects 613
  24.1.4.4 End-launch RF connectors 613
  24.1.4.5 Silkscreen marking 614
  24.1.5 Card Edge Design 614
  24.1.5.1 Card outline 615
  24.1.5.2 Two-sided card copper layers 615
  24.1.5.3 Bilevel card copper layers 616
  24.2 Qualification Testing 617
  24.2.1 Electrical Qualification Testing 617
  24.2.1.1 Contact resistance test 617
  24.2.1.2 Contact current and temperature test 617
  24.2.1.3 Hipot connector testing 617
  24.2.1.4 RF connector testing 617
  24.2.1.5 Fuse socket testing 617
  24.2.2 Mechanical Qualification Testing 617
  24.2.2.1 Vibration tests 617
  24.2.2.2 Environmental tests 618
  24.2.2.3 Wire/cable pull tests 618
  Chapter 25 Assembly 619
  25.1 General Tips 619
  25.1.1 Interconnect Procurement 619
  25.1.2 Test Fixtures For Cable Assemblies 619
  25.1.3 Manufacturing Standards 620
  25.1.4 Lubrication 620
  25.1.4.1 Shroud lubrication 620
  25.1.4.2 Contact lubrication 620
  25.1.4.3 Vacuum interconnect lubrication 620
  25.2 Wire/Cable Preparation, Termination 620
  25.2.1 Wire Cutting And Stripping 620
  25.2.1.1 Manual wire cutting 620
  25.2.1.2 Manual wire stripping 621
  25.2.1.3 Wire-cutting and stripping machine 621
  25.2.2 Wire Soldering 622
  25.2.2.1 Soldering safety 622
  25.2.2.2 Wire tinning 622
  25.2.2.3 Tall back-wall solder cups 623
  25.2.2.4 Flush-top solder cups 623
  25.2.2.5 Bifurcated and slotted terminals 624
  25.2.2.6 Solder eyelets 624
  25.2.2.7 Turrets 624
  25.2.2.8 Common solder inspection items 624
  25.2.3 Wire Crimping 625
  25.2.3.1 Crimping tools 625
  25.2.3.2 Crimping tips 626
  25.2.3.3 Open barrel crimp 626
  25.2.3.4 Closed barrel crimp 627
  25.2.3.5 Insulated barrel crimp 628
  25.2.4 Other Permanent Wire Terminations 629
  25.2.4.1 Ultrasonic welding 629
  25.2.4.2 Wire wrapping 629
  25.2.5 Wire Termination To A Screw Or Clamp 629
  25.2.5.1 Stripped wire termination to a plain screw 629
  25.2.5.2 Ring terminal termination to a plain screw 630
  25.2.5.3 Fork terminal termination to a plain screw 630
  25.2.5.4 Wire termination to a captive-plate screw 630
  25.2.5.5 Wire clamp termination 630
  25.2.6 Wire Termination To A Wire Cage 630
  25.2.6.1 Stripped wire termination to a cage 630
  25.2.6.2 Poke-in termination 631
  25.2.6.3 Terminal in a wire cage 631
  25.2.7 Wire Termination Protection 631
  25.2.7.1 Heat shrink tubing 631
  25.2.7.2 Regular tubing 632
  25.2.8 Cable Preparation 632
  25.2.8.1 Control cable preparation 632
  25.2.8.2 Braided shielded cable preparation 632
  25.2.8.3 Foil shielded cable preparation 632
  25.2.9 Wire/Cable Pull Tests 632
  25.3 PCB And Panel Mount 633
  25.3.1 PCB-Mount 633
  25.3.1.1 Through-hole manufacturing 633
  25.3.1.2 Surface mount manufacturing 633
  25.3.1.3 Press-fit manufacturing 633
  25.3.2 PCB Assembly Sealing 633
  25.3.2.1 Module potting 633
  25.3.2.2 Conformal coating 634
  25.3.3 Panel Mounting 634
  25.3.3.1 On-panel mounting 634
  25.3.3.2 Bulkhead-mounting 634
  25.4 Interconnect Assembly 634
  25.4.1 Terminal Termination 634
  25.4.1.1 Tongue terminals 634
  25.4.1.2 Ferrules 634
  25.4.1.3 Broaching fasteners 635
  25.4.2 Wire Splice Termination 635
  25.4.2.1 Crimp wire splices 635
  25.4.2.2 IDT wire splices 635
  25.4.2.3 Solder wire splices 637
  25.4.2.4 Poke-in wire splices 637
  25.4.2.5 Lever wire splices 637
  25.4.2.6 Twist-on wire nuts 637
  25.4.3 AC Power Wiring Termination 637
  25.4.3.1 Grounding compression splices 637
  25.4.3.2 Tubular compression lugs 638
  25.4.3.3 Splicing mechanical connectors 638
  25.4.3.4 Grounding mechanical connectors 638
  25.4.3.5 AC power bars 639
  25.4.3.6 Waterproof cable junctions 639
  25.4.3.7 Punch-down blocks 639
  25.4.4 Junction And Barrier Block Termination 640
  25.4.4.1 Junction posts, feedthroughs 640
  25.4.4.2 Junction bars 640
  25.4.4.3 Wire to captive-plate panel-mount barrier blocks 640
  25.4.4.4 Terminal to PCB barrier blocks 640
  25.4.5 Terminal Block Termination 641
  25.4.5.1 Europa-style strips 641
  25.4.5.2 Feedthrough terminal blocks 641
  25.4.5.3 PCB terminal blocks 642
  25.4.5.4 Pluggable terminal blocks 642
  25.4.5.5 Rail-mounted modular blocks 642
  25.4.5.6 On-panel terminal blocks 643
  25.4.6 Board-In Interconnect Termination 643
  25.4.6.1 Board-in wire terminals 643
  25.4.6.2 Board-in crimp terminators 645
  25.4.6.3 Board-in IDT PCB terminals 645
  25.4.6.4 Open board-in IDT blocks 646
  25.4.6.5 Board-in button IDT blocks 646
  25.4.6.6 Mass-terminated board-in IDT blocks 647
  25.4.6.7 Board-in IDT terminators 647
  25.4.6.8 Direct ribbon cable termination to a PCB 648
  25.4.6.9 Transition connectors 648
  25.4.6.10 Ribbon cable socket or wire traps 649
  25.4.7 Device Sockets Assembly 649
  25.4.7.1 Bulkhead-mount fuse holders 649
  25.4.7.2 FFC sockets 649
  25.4.7.3 Other device sockets 650
  25.4.8 Compression Interconnects Assembly 650
  25.4.8.1 Spring-loaded interconnects 650
  25.4.8.2 Test fixture probe installation 650
  25.4.8.3 Test fixture operation 651
  25.4.8.4 RedFit SKEDD plugs 651
  25.4.8.5 SKEDD terminal blocks 651
  25.4.8.6 Elastomeric (Zebra) strips 651
  25.4.8.7 Single-piece mezzanine interposers 652
  25.4.9 Shroudless Strips Assembly 652
  25.4.10 Rectangular Connector Assembly 652
  25.4.10.1 Prismatic plugs 652
  25.4.10.2 Small wire-to-board crimp plugs 652
  25.4.10.3 Single-wall wire-to-board IDT plugs 653
  25.4.10.4 Low profile wire-to-board IDT plugs 653
  25.4.10.5 RAST plugs 653
  25.4.10.6 Connectors with round contacts 654
  25.4.10.7 Bump IDC plug 654
  25.4.10.8 JAE MX34 unsealed automotive plugs 655
  25.4.10.9 Molex MX150L sealed automotive plugs 655
  25.4.10.10 Deutsch sealed automotive plugs 656
  25.4.10.11 TE Superseal automotive plugs 656
  25.4.10.12 Pull-to-seat plugs 657
  25.4.10.13 RC model plugs 657
  25.4.11 Single-Circuit Connectors Assembly 658
  25.4.11.1 Quick-connect plugs 658
  25.4.11.2 Banana plugs 658
  25.4.11.3 Anderson PowerPole connectors 658
  25.4.11.4 Camlock termination 658
  25.4.12 Concentric Connector Assembly 659
  25.4.12.1 Phone plugs 659
  25.4.12.2 Coaxial barrel power plugs, coaxial cable 659
  25.4.12.3 Coaxial barrel power plugs, zip-cord 660
  25.4.12.4 Phono plugs 660
  25.4.13 Coax Connector Assembly 661
  25.4.13.1 General tips 661
  25.4.13.2 Miniature coax cable-to-board plugs 661
  25.4.13.3 Edge-launch SMA microwave connectors 661
  25.4.13.4 Edge-launch small microwave connectors 661
  25.4.13.5 Straight compression BNC plugs 661
  25.4.13.6 Right-angle crimp BNC plugs 662
  25.4.13.7 Front-mount, solder cup coax receptacles 663
  25.4.13.8 Front-mount, crimp coax receptacles 663
  25.4.13.9 Rear-mount crimp coax receptacles 664
  25.4.13.10 Flange-mount solder-cup coax receptacles 664
  25.4.13.11 Flange-mount crimp coax receptacles 664
  25.4.13.12 EIA flange coax plugs 665
  25.4.14 Circular Connector Assembly 665
  25.4.14.1 Circular connectors, fixed contacts 665
  25.4.14.2 Circular connectors, insertable contacts 665
  25.4.14.3 DIN plugs 666
  25.4.14.4 XLR plugs 666
  25.4.15 Exterior Signal Connector Assembly 667
  25.4.15.1 Modular plugs 667
  25.4.15.2 D-sub connectors, control cable 667
  25.4.15.3 D-shell plugs, ribbon cable 668
  25.4.16 Exterior Power Connector Termination 668
  25.4.16.1 AC power plugs 668
  25.4.16.2 Pin and sleeve plugs 669
  25.4.16.3 Anderson SB plugs 670
  25.4.17 Industrial Connector Assembly 670
  25.4.17.1 Standard heavy-duty plugs 670
  25.4.17.2 Heavy-duty bases 671
  Chapter 26 Care And Feeding 673
  26.1 Usage 673
  26.1.1 Rectangular Connector Usage 673
  26.1.1.1 Automotive plug mating/unmating 673
  26.1.2 Coax Connector Usage 673
  26.1.2.1 Coax connector tips 673
  26.1.2.2 Coax connector cleaning 673
  26.1.2.3 Miniature coax cable-to-board mating/unmating 674
  26.1.2.4 Standard and microwave coax connector mating 674
  26.1.2.5 Standard and microwave coax connector unmating 674
  26.1.2.6 Precision connector care 674
  26.1.3 Circular Connector Usage 675
  26.1.3.1 Threaded circular connector fastening 675
  26.2 Insertable Contact Extraction 675
  26.2.1 Extraction Tools 675
  26.2.2 Rectangular Connectors Contact Extraction 675
  26.2.2.1 Shroudless and prismatic plug contact extraction 675
  26.2.2.2 Single-wall plug contact extraction 676
  26.2.2.3 Low-profile plug contact extraction 676
  26.2.2.4 Round contact extraction 676
  26.2.2.5 Mini fit plug contact extraction 676
  26.2.2.6 Automotive plug contact extraction 676
  26.2.3 Other Connectors Contact Extraction 678
  26.2.3.1 D-sub contact extraction 678
  26.2.3.2 Quick-connect plug extraction 678
  26.2.3.3 Coax plug center contact extraction 678
  26.2.3.4 Circular contact extraction 678
  26.2.3.5 Anderson Power contact extraction 678
  26.2.3.6 NEMA AC power contact extraction 678
  26.2.3.7 Heavy-duty connector contact extraction 679
  26.3 Repair 679
  26.3.1 Repair Tools 679
  26.3.2 Interconnect Repair 679
  26.3.2.1 Latch repair 679
  26.3.2.2 Receptacle repair 679
  26.3.2.3 Crimped wire repair 680
  26.3.2.4 IDT wire repair 680
  26.3.2.5 FFC socket repair 680
  26.3.2.6 Elastomeric strip repair 681
  26.3.2.7 Card edge repair 681
  26.3.3 Cable Assembly Repair 681
  26.3.3.1 Data I/O plug, cable repair 681
  26.3.3.2 AC adapter cord repair 681
  26.3.3.3 FFC repair 681
  26.3.3.4 FPC repair 681
  26.4 Modification 681
  26.4.1 Wrong Connector 681
  26.4.1.1 Wrong battery cable connector 681
  26.4.1.2 Wrong display cable connector 681
  26.4.1.3 Wrong USB cable 682
  26.4.1.4 Wrong bus cable connectors 682
  26.4.2 Cable Modification 682
  26.4.2.1 Interior cable extension 682
  26.4.2.2 FFC reduction 682
  26.4.3 Connector Creation 682
  A Appendix 683
  A.1 Interconnect Naming And Classification Challenges 683
  A.1.1 Classification Challenges 683
  A.1.2 Naming challenges 683
  A.1.2.1 Naming characteristics 683
  A.1.2.2 Naming components 683
  A.1.2.3 Sexism in connector terminology 684
  A.2 Conductors For Termination 684
  A.2.1 Wire 684
  A.2.1.1 Bus wire 684
  A.2.1.2 Hook-up wire 684
  A.2.1.3 Litz wire 685
  A.2.1.4 Building wire 685
  A.2.1.5 Battery and welding cable 685
  A.2.1.6 Application-specific wire 685
  A.2.1.7 Magnet wire 685
  A.2.1.8 Braid 685
  A.2.2 Cable 686
  A.2.2.1 Control cable 686
  A.2.2.2 Shielded cable 686
  A.2.2.3 Portable cord 686
  A.2.2.4 Building cable 686
  A.2.2.5 Zip cord 687
  A.2.2.6 Flat telephone cable 687
  A.2.2.7 Ribbon cable 687
  A.2.2.8 Flexible Flat Cable (FFC) 688
  A.2.3 Coaxial Cable 689
  A.2.3.1 Standard coaxial cable 689
  A.2.3.2 Specialty coaxial cable 689
  A.2.3.3 High power coaxial cable 689
  A.2.4 Boards 690
  A.2.4.1 Plain boards 690
  A.2.4.2 Copper-clad boards 691
  A.2.4.3 Perfboards 691
  A.2.4.4 Solderless breadboards 691
  A.2.4.5 Printed Circuit Boards 691
  A.2.4.6 Flexible Printed Circuits (FPC) 691
  A.2.4.7 Conductive Ink Circuit (CIC) 692
  A.2.5 Other Conductors 692
  A.2.5.1 Bus bars 692
  A.2.5.2 Metal fasteners 692
  A.3 Custom Connectors 692
  A.3.1 Full-Custom Connectors 693
  A.3.2 Semi-Custom Connectors 693
  A.4 Resources 694
  A.4.1 Manufacturers Names 694
  A.4.2 Books 694
  A.4.3 Online Resources 694
  A.4.3.1 This book's website 695
  A.4.3.2 Other Online resources 695
  A.4.4 Market Reports 695
  A.4.5 Trade Shows 695
  A.4.6 Associations And Consortia 695
  A.4.7 Services 696
  Acronyms And Initialisms 697
  Glossary And Alphabetical Index 699
  References 731