The Electronic Connector Book

1. Introduction
2. Component characterization
3. Identification and selection
4. Test interconnects
5. Terminals
6. Wire splices
7. Wiring interconnects
8. Junction & barrier blocks
9. Terminal blocks
10. Board-in interconnects
11. Device sockets
12. Compression interconnects
13. Shroudless strips
14. Rectangular connectors
15. Single-circuit connectors
16. Concentric connectors
17. Coax connectors
18. Circular connectors
19. Exterior signal connectors
20. Exterior power connectors
21. Industrial connectors
22. Multi-class interconnects
23. Non-electric components
24. Design
25. Manufacture
26. Care and feeding

 Part A - Concepts 22
  Chapter 1 Introduction 1
  1.1 Chapter introduction 1
  1.1.1 Tidbits 1
  1.2 Book orientation 1
  1.2.1 Interconnect definition 1
  1.2.2 Book parts 1
  1.2.3 How to use this book 2
  1.2.4 Beyond this book 2
  1.3 History 2
  1.3.1 Milestones 3
  1.3.1.1 The pioneers - 1870s to 1920s 3
  1.3.1.2 The innovators - 1930s to 1950s 4
  1.3.1.3 The optimizers - 1960s to today 5
  1.3.1.4 The future 5
  1.3.2 Evolution timeline 5
  1.4 FAQ 6
  1.4.1 Why so many damn connectors? 7
  1.4.2 Can you help me make a computer cable? 7
  1.4.3 How do I repair this connector? 7
  1.4.4 What is the weirdest connector you have seen? 7
  1.4.5 What is the funniest connector you have seen? 8
  1.5 Interconnect classification 8
  1.5.1 Manufacturer, vendor, end user classification 8
  1.5.2 Drawing from Linnaean taxonomy 9
  1.5.3 Classes of interconnects 10
  Chapter 2 Interconnect characterization 13
  2.1 Chapter introduction 13
  2.1.1 Tidbits 13
  2.1.2 International glossary 13
  2.1.3 Chapter orientation 18
  2.2 Terminology 21
  2.2.1 Misused or misunderstood terms 22
  2.2.1.1 Male, female, hermaphrodite, genderless 22
  2.2.1.2 Hermaphrodite, genderless, self-mating 22
  2.2.1.3 Plugs and jacks 23
  2.2.1.4 Socket 25
  2.2.1.5 Receptacle 25
  2.2.1.6 Wire, cable, harness, cord, cable assembly 26
  2.2.1.7 Ribbon cable, FFC, FPC 26
  2.2.1.8 Port vs. connector 27
  2.2.2 Poorly defined and missing terms 28
  2.2.2.1 Inconsistently used terms 28
  2.2.2.2 Misappropriated names 28
  2.2.2.3 Missing terms 28
  2.3 Main attributes 29
  2.3.1 Access 29
  2.3.1.1 Exterior interconnects 29
  2.3.1.2 Interior interconnects 29
  2.3.2 Interconnect structure 30
  2.3.2.1 Removable and permanent termination 30
  2.3.2.2 Separable and inseparable connection 30
  2.3.2.3 Mating in family and out of family 30
  2.3.2.4 Interconnect structure list 30
  2.3.2.5 Inseparable, non-electric 31
  2.3.2.6 Inseparable, permanent 31
  2.3.2.7 Inseparable, removable 32
  2.3.2.8 Single mating face not in family 32
  2.3.2.9 Two mating faces not in family 33
  2.3.2.10 Single mating interface in family 33
  2.3.2.11 Two mating interfaces in family 33
  2.3.3 Interconnection topology 34
  2.3.3.1 To-wire/cable topologies 35
  2.3.3.2 Wire/cable-to-board topologies 36
  2.3.3.3 Board-to-board topology 37
  2.3.3.4 To-panel topologies 38
  2.3.3.5 To-device topologies 38
  2.3.3.6 Multiple interconnection topologies 38
  2.3.4 Number of circuits 39
  2.3.5 Permutations of main characteristics 40
  2.3.5.1 Permutations for interior interconnects 41
  2.3.5.2 Permutations for exterior interconnects 42
  2.4 Termination, mount, and mating 42
  2.4.1 Termination 43
  2.4.1.1 Termination definition 43
  2.4.1.2 Termination examples 43
  2.4.2 Mount 44
  2.4.2.1 Mount definition 44
  2.4.2.2 Mount examples 44
  2.4.2.3 Loose connectors 45
  2.4.2.4 In-line interconnects 45
  2.4.2.5 Mounted interconnects 45
  2.4.3 Mating 46
  2.4.3.1 Mating definition 46
  2.4.3.2 Mating characteristics 46
  2.4.4 Termination, mount, and mating combinations 47
  2.5 Wire/cable termination 47
  2.5.1 Wire /cable specifications 48
  2.5.1.1 Wiring conductors 49
  2.5.1.2 Wire specifications 49
  2.5.1.3 Aluminum and copper oxidation 49
  2.5.1.4 Wire size color code 49
  2.5.1.5 Cable specifications 50
  2.5.2 Wire entry orientation 50
  2.5.2.1 Single-ended orientation for wire terminals 50
  2.5.2.2 End-to-end wire orientation for splices 50
  2.5.2.3 Board-in wire orientations 51
  2.5.2.4 Wire orientations for plugs 51
  2.5.2.5 Orientations for panel-mount receptacles 53
  2.5.2.6 Cable-to-cable orientations 53
  2.5.2.7 Cable-to-panel orientations 54
  2.5.2.8 Wire-to-board orientations 54
  2.5.3 Permanent unstripped wire/cable termination 55
  2.5.3.1 Insulation displacement wire termination 55
  2.5.3.2 FFC termination 56
  2.5.3.3 Ribbon cable mass termination 57
  2.5.4 Permanent stripped wire/cable termination 57
  2.5.4.1 Fixed vs. insertable contacts 57
  2.5.4.2 Contact extraction direction 58
  2.5.4.3 Wire crimping 59
  2.5.4.4 Terminal Position Assurance (TPA) 59
  2.5.4.5 Wire entry sealing 60
  2.5.4.6 Permanent poke-in termination 60
  2.5.4.7 Soldering termination 60
  2.5.4.8 Ultrasonic termination 60
  2.5.4.9 Wire-wrap termination 61
  2.5.4.10 Control cable termination 61
  2.5.4.11 Coaxial cable termination 61
  2.5.4.12 Permanent stripped ribbon cable term. 61
  2.5.5 Removable wire/cable termination 61
  2.5.5.1 Wire cage termination 61
  2.5.5.2 Twist termination 62
  2.5.5.3 Screw termination 63
  2.5.5.4 Clamp termination 63
  2.5.5.5 Removable poke-in termination 63
  2.5.5.6 Removable ribbon cable termination 63
  2.5.6 Wire termination arrangement 63
  2.5.6.1 Wire termination pattern 63
  2.5.6.2 Termination points per circuit 63
  2.5.6.3 Termination pitch 64
  2.5.6.4 Termination rows 64
  2.6 PCB mount and termination 64
  2.6.1 PCB termination technology 64
  2.6.1.1 Through-hole mount 65
  2.6.1.2 Surface-mount 65
  2.6.1.3 Surface and through-hole mount 65
  2.6.1.4 Press-fit mount 66
  2.6.2 PCB terminal arrangement 66
  2.6.2.1 PCB terminal pattern 66
  2.6.2.2 PCB terminal pitch 67
  2.6.2.3 PCB terminal rows 67
  2.6.3 PCB mount orientation 67
  2.6.3.1 Straight connectors 68
  2.6.3.2 Bottom entry connectors 68
  2.6.3.3 Through-board connectors 68
  2.6.3.4 Over-board connectors 69
  2.6.3.5 Right-angle connectors 69
  2.6.3.6 Under-board connectors 69
  2.6.3.7 Straddle-mount connectors 70
  2.6.3.8 End-launch connectors 70
  2.6.3.9 Cutout-mount connectors 71
  2.6.3.10 Angled connectors 71
  2.7 Other mounts and terminations 72
  2.7.1 Panel mount 72
  2.7.1.1 Flush panel mount 72
  2.7.1.2 Through-panel mount 72
  2.7.1.3 Panel mount grounding, isolation 73
  2.7.1.4 Panel-mount orientation 73
  2.7.1.5 Panel-mount second termination 74
  2.7.1.6 Panel sealing 74
  2.7.2 Board, rail, stud, bus bar, and foil 74
  2.8 Housing 75
  2.8.1 Connector assembly parts 75
  2.8.2 Housing materials 75
  2.8.2.1 Insulation housing 75
  2.8.2.2 Metal shells and latches 76
  2.8.2.3 Gaskets and seals 76
  2.8.3 Housing color 76
  2.8.4 Plug cable entry 77
  2.8.4.1 Cable entry support, retention 77
  2.8.4.2 Cable sealing 77
  2.8.4.3 Cable shielding 77
  2.8.5 Multiple parts connectors 77
  2.8.5.1 Vertically stackable connectors 78
  2.8.5.2 End-stackable connectors 78
  2.8.5.3 Interlocking connectors 78
  2.8.5.4 Configurable connectors 78
  2.8.6 Integrated components connectors 79
  2.8.6.1 Filtered connectors 79
  2.8.6.2 Integrated magnetics connectors 79
  2.8.6.3 LED status connectors 80
  2.8.6.4 Integrated transducer fiber optic connector 80
  2.9 Contacts 80
  2.9.1 Contact gender 80
  2.9.1.1 Contact gender definition 80
  2.9.1.2 Contact gender match 81
  2.9.1.3 Male contacts 82
  2.9.1.4 Female contacts 82
  2.9.1.5 Hermaphrodite contacts 83
  2.9.1.6 Genderless contacts 84
  2.9.2 Contact characteristics 84
  2.9.2.1 Contact sizes 84
  2.9.2.2 Contact manufacturing process 85
  2.9.2.3 Contact materials 85
  2.9.2.4 Contact point and contact wipe 87
  2.9.2.5 Contact fretting 87
  2.9.2.6 Contact lubrication 88
  2.9.2.7 Antispark tip 88
  2.9.2.8 Contact pressure 88
  2.9.3 Special contact functions 88
  2.9.3.1 Differential pair contacts 89
  2.9.3.2 Shield contacts 89
  2.9.3.3 Power Earth contact 89
  2.9.3.4 ZIF contacts 89
  2.10 Connector gender and arrangement 89
  2.10.1 Connector gender 89
  2.10.1.1 Four connector genders 89
  2.10.1.2 Gender-bending connectors 90
  2.10.1.3 Why care about connector gender? 91
  2.10.1.4 Tongue and groove 91
  2.10.2 Contact arrangement 91
  2.10.2.1 Contact pattern 91
  2.10.2.2 Position numbering 92
  2.10.2.3 Mating pitch 92
  2.10.2.4 Row spacing 93
  2.10.2.5 Blade orientation 93
  2.10.2.6 Hybrid connectors 93
  2.10.2.7 Mating, termination, PCB arrangements 94
  2.11 Mating face 95
  2.11.1 Mating face shape and size 95
  2.11.1.1 Mating face shape 95
  2.11.1.2 Mating width and diameter 95
  2.11.2 Mating face surface 95
  2.11.2.1 Stepped face 96
  2.11.2.2 Partitioned face 96
  2.11.2.3 Face protrusions 97
  2.11.3 Shroud 97
  2.11.3.1 Shrouded and enshrouded mate 97
  2.11.3.2 Shroud types 97
  2.11.3.3 Shroudless 98
  2.11.3.4 Partial shroud 98
  2.11.3.5 Full shroud 99
  2.11.3.6 Self-mating shroud 99
  2.11.4 Mating face sealing 99
  2.11.4.1 Rectangular face sealing 100
  2.11.4.2 Round face sealing 100
  2.12 Mates compatibility 100
  2.12.1 Connector dimorphism 101
  2.12.1.1 Dimorphism in all connectors 101
  2.12.1.2 Dimorphism determination 102
  2.12.2 Family polarity 103
  2.12.2.1 Gendered family polarity 104
  2.12.2.2 Reverse polarity 104
  2.12.2.3 Hermaphrodite family polarity 106
  2.12.2.4 Genderless family polarity 106
  2.12.2.5 Plug, receptacle, and header gender 106
  2.12.3 Polarization, conforming, keying, coding 107
  2.12.3.1 Polarization 107
  2.12.3.2 Conforming 108
  2.12.3.3 Keying 111
  2.12.3.4 Coding 112
  2.13 Mating 113
  2.13.1 Mating and unmating action 113
  2.13.1.1 Mating direction 113
  2.13.1.2 Blind mating 113
  2.13.1.3 Connector misalignment 114
  2.13.1.4 Alignment features 114
  2.13.1.5 Misalignment accommodation 114
  2.13.1.6 Mating, retention, and unmating forces 115
  2.13.1.7 Mated height 116
  2.13.2 Multiple mating interfaces 116
  2.13.2.1 Single-face connectors for multiple mates 116
  2.13.2.2 Connectors with multiple mating faces 117
  2.13.2.3 Connectors with two mating options 118
  2.14 Fastening 118
  2.14.1 Fastening introduction 118
  2.14.1.1 Fastening methods 118
  2.14.1.2 Latched mate 121
  2.14.1.3 Latch location 122
  2.14.2 Unlatched 123
  2.14.2.1 Compression 123
  2.14.2.2 Friction fastening 123
  2.14.2.3 Snap-on fastening 123
  2.14.2.4 Magnetic fastening 123
  2.14.3 Self-latching 124
  2.14.3.1 Self-latching contact 124
  2.14.3.2 Ejector latching 124
  2.14.3.3 Self-latching, lever release 124
  2.14.3.4 Self-latching, slide release 125
  2.14.3.5 Self-latching, twist ring release 126
  2.14.3.6 Self-latching, button release 126
  2.14.3.7 Inertia latching 126
  2.14.3.8 Connector position assurance (CPA) 127
  2.14.4 Manual latching 127
  2.14.4.1 ZIF fastening 127
  2.14.4.2 Contact twist fastening 127
  2.14.4.3 Threaded ring fastening 128
  2.14.4.4 Screw fastening 128
  2.14.4.5 Spring fastening 128
  2.14.4.6 Clip ring fastening 128
  2.14.4.7 Lever fastening 128
  2.14.4.8 Buckle latch fastening 128
  2.14.5 Coupling 128
  2.14.5.1 Bayonet coupling 128
  2.14.5.2 Thread coupling 129
  2.14.5.3 Thread vs. bayonet comparison 131
  2.14.5.4 Cam coupling 132
  2.14.5.5 Screw coupling 132
  2.14.5.6 Spindle coupling 132
  2.14.6 Locking 132
  2.15 Ratings 132
  2.15.1 Clarifications of ratings 132
  2.15.1.1 Rating definition 132
  2.15.1.2 Each rating is independent of others 133
  2.15.1.3 Contacts carry current, not power 133
  2.15.1.4 Voltage x current is not contact power 133
  2.15.2 DC characteristics for a single circuit 133
  2.15.2.1 Connection resistance 133
  2.15.2.2 Mating cycles 134
  2.15.2.3 Voltage drop and contact resistance 134
  2.15.2.4 Temperature rise 135
  2.15.2.5 Current rating and derating 135
  2.15.3 DC characteristics across circuits 135
  2.15.3.1 Insulation resistance 136
  2.15.3.2 Operating voltage 136
  2.15.3.3 Dielectric withstand voltage 136
  2.15.4 AC characteristics 137
  2.15.4.1 dB 138
  2.15.4.2 Characteristic impedance 138
  2.15.4.3 Reflection coefficient, Return loss, VSWR 138
  2.15.4.4 Insertion loss 139
  2.15.4.5 Cutoff frequency 139
  2.15.4.6 Passive Intermodulation 139
  2.15.4.7 Inter-capacitance and cross-talk 139
  2.15.4.8 High-speed characteristics 139
  2.15.4.9 Shielding 140
  2.15.5 Environmental 140
  2.15.5.1 Operating temperature 140
  2.15.5.2 Altitude 140
  2.15.5.3 Harsh environments 140
  2.15.5.4 IP rating 140
  2.15.5.5 Standard sealing 141
  2.15.5.6 Hermetic sealing 141
  2.15.5.7 Firewall rating 141
  2.16 Standards and application 141
  2.16.1 Industry-standard, proprietary, and custom 142
  2.16.1.1 Industry-standard connectors 142
  2.16.1.2 Standards institutes and organizations 142
  2.16.2 Regulatory certifications 142
  2.16.2.1 Safety certifications 142
  2.16.2.2 Performance certifications 143
  2.16.2.3 Industry-specific certifications 143
  2.16.3 Application 143
  2.17 Availability 143
  2.17.1 Region 144
  2.17.2 Obsolescence 144
  Chapter 3 Identification and selection 145
  3.1 Chapter introduction 145
  3.1.1 Tidbits 145
  3.1.2 Chapter orientation 145
  3.2 Identification process 145
  3.2.1 Identification through Identiconn 145
  3.2.1.1 Quick pick 146
  3.2.1.2 Quick filter 146
  3.2.1.3 Navigate by type 147
  3.2.1.4 Filter by characteristics 148
  3.2.1.5 Identiconn tips 148
  3.2.2 Identification through this book 149
  3.2.2.1 Term search in this book 149
  3.2.2.2 Picture search in this book 150
  3.2.2.3 Flowchart search in this book 152
  3.2.3 Identification with online resources 153
  3.2.3.1 Distributors' websites 153
  3.2.3.2 Search engines 153
  3.2.3.3 Picture search 154
  3.2.3.4 Ask the experts 154
  3.2.4 Buying an identified interconnect 154
  3.3 Ways to select an interconnect 155
  3.3.1 Select by asking the experts 155
  3.3.2 Select through online tools 155
  3.3.2.1 Manufacturer and distributors sites 155
  3.3.2.2 Identiconn 156
  3.3.3 Select by attributes in this book 156
  3.4 Selection by main attributes 156
  3.4.1 Main attribute solutions 156
  3.4.1.1 Selection by access 156
  3.4.1.2 Selection by mating structure 156
  3.4.1.3 Selection by circuits 156
  3.4.1.4 Selection by topology 157
  3.4.2 Wire-to-wire solutions 157
  3.4.2.1 Wire-to-wire, direct 157
  3.4.2.2 Single wires, one-piece 157
  3.4.2.3 Single-wire connectors 159
  3.4.2.4 Multi-wire connectors 160
  3.4.3 Cable-to-cable/wire solutions 161
  3.4.3.1 Single-piece cable solutions 161
  3.4.3.2 Control cable connectors 162
  3.4.3.3 Connectors for other types of cable 163
  3.4.4 Wire-to-board solutions 163
  3.4.4.1 Direct wire-to-board 163
  3.4.4.2 Single-piece wire-to-board 163
  3.4.4.3 Two- piece wire-to-board 165
  3.4.4.4 Wire-to-board connectors 165
  3.4.5 Cable-to-board solutions 166
  3.4.5.1 Direct-to-PCB cable-to-board soldering 166
  3.4.5.2 Hot bar bonding, ACF, flex-on-board 166
  3.4.5.3 Single-piece cable-to-board 167
  3.4.5.4 Cable-to-board connectors 168
  3.4.6 Board-to-board solutions 169
  3.4.6.1 Parallel board-to-board solutions 169
  3.4.6.2 Perpendicular board-to-board solutions 176
  3.4.6.3 Coplanar board-to-board solutions 178
  3.4.6.4 Orthogonal board-to-board solutions 179
  3.4.6.5 Tilted board-to-board solutions 180
  3.4.7 Solutions for other connections 180
  3.4.7.1 Wire-to-panel 180
  3.4.7.2 Board-to-panel 181
  3.4.7.3 Other conductors 181
  3.5 Selection by secondary attributes 181
  3.5.1 Interconnects that mate to devices 181
  3.5.2 Selection by termination and mount 182
  3.5.2.1 Wire termination 182
  3.5.2.2 Cable termination 182
  3.5.2.3 PCB mount 183
  3.5.2.4 Panel mount 183
  3.5.3 Selection by features 184
  3.5.3.1 Housing features 184
  3.5.3.2 Mating face features 184
  3.5.3.3 Fastening features 184
  3.6 Selection by application 185
  3.6.1 Consumer products 185
  3.6.1.1 Home appliances 185
  3.6.1.2 Audio and video, exterior 185
  3.6.1.3 Power tool batteries 186
  3.6.1.4 RC models 186
  3.6.1.5 Small batteries 186
  3.6.1.6 AC adapters, chargers 187
  3.6.1.7 Musical instruments 187
  3.6.2 Solid-state lighting 188
  3.6.2.1 LED strips 188
  3.6.2.2 LED panels 188
  3.6.2.3 LED lamps 189
  3.6.2.4 LED power supplies 189
  3.6.2.5 Flat panel backlight connectors 189
  3.6.3 Computing devices 190
  3.6.3.1 Exterior connectors 190
  3.6.3.2 Interior connectors, desktop computer 190
  3.6.3.3 Interior connectors, laptop computer 191
  3.6.3.4 Interior connectors, tablet computer 191
  3.6.4 Vehicles, transportation 191
  3.6.4.1 Small EVs 191
  3.6.4.2 Passenger vehicles 191
  3.6.4.3 Other land vehicles 192
  3.6.4.4 Marine vessels 192
  3.6.4.5 Aviation 192
  3.6.5 Premises wiring 192
  3.6.5.1 Utility-level power wiring 192
  3.6.5.2 Residential AC power wiring 193
  3.6.5.3 High-current DC wiring 193
  3.6.5.4 Solar power 193
  3.6.5.5 Low-current DC wiring 193
  3.6.5.6 Telephone land line 194
  3.6.6 Professional applications 194
  3.6.6.1 Industrial 194
  3.6.6.2 Card cages, module crates, and racks 195
  3.6.6.3 Stage, public address, and broadcast 199
  3.6.6.4 Test equipment and fixtures 199
  3.6.6.5 Information Technology 199
  3.6.6.6 Telecom base station 199
  3.6.6.7 Extraction industry 199
  3.6.6.8 Wearable radios 200
  3.6.6.9 Security cameras 200
  3.6.6.10 Medical 200
  3.6.7 Environment 200
  3.6.7.1 Electromagnetic radiation 200
  3.6.7.2 Harsh environment, water 201
  3.6.7.3 Vibration 201
  3.6.7.4 Salt water spray 201
  3.6.7.5 Immersion 201
  3.6.7.6 Vacuum 202
  3.6.7.7 Mud and dirt 202
  3.6.7.8 Direct burial 203
  3.6.7.9 Nuclear radiation 203
  3.6.7.10 Explosive, fire 203
  3.6.8 High voltage, current, speed 203
  3.6.8.1 High voltage rating 203
  3.6.8.2 High-speed operation 203
  3.6.8.3 High current rating 203
 
  Part B - Catalog 205
  Chapter 4 Test interconnects 207
  4.1 Chapter introduction 207
  4.1.1 Tidbits 207
  4.1.2 History of test interconnects 207
  4.1.3 International glossary 208
  4.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 209
  4.1.4.1 Test interconnects selection 209
  4.1.4.2 Test interconnect identification 209
  4.1.4.3 Other classes related to test interconnects 210
  4.1.5 Chapter orientation 210
  4.2 Technical notes, test interconnects 210
  4.2.1 Insulation piercing 210
  4.3 Handheld probes 211
  4.3.1 Meter probes 211
  4.3.1.1 Meter probe tips 211
  4.3.1.2 Meter probe accessories 211
  4.3.2 Scope probe tips 212
  4.4 Test clips 212
  4.4.1 Alligators, crocodiles, clamps 212
  4.4.1.1 Crocodile clip 213
  4.4.1.2 Alligator clip 213
  4.4.1.3 Piercing crocodile clip 213
  4.4.1.4 Five-way alligator clip 213
  4.4.1.5 Test clamp 214
  4.4.2 Grabber clips 214
  4.4.3 Test fixture grabbers 215
  4.4.3.1 Hook test fixture grabbers 215
  4.4.3.2 Piercing test fixture grabbers 215
  4.4.4 IC clips 216
  Chapter 5 Terminals 217
  5.1 Chapter introduction 217
  5.1.1 Tidbits 217
  5.1.2 History of terminals 217
  5.1.3 International glossary 218
  5.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 219
  5.1.4.1 Terminal selection 219
  5.1.4.2 Terminal identification 220
  5.1.4.3 Classes related to terminals 220
  5.1.5 Chapter orientation 220
  5.2 Wire terminals 221
  5.2.1 Tongue crimp terminals 221
  5.2.1.1 Ring terminals 222
  5.2.1.2 Slotted ring terminals 222
  5.2.1.3 Hook terminals 223
  5.2.1.4 Fork terminals 223
  5.2.1.5 Blade tongue terminals 223
  5.2.1.6 Knife tongue terminals 223
  5.2.2 Wire terminals for wire cages 223
  5.2.2.1 Advantages of termination for wire cages 223
  5.2.2.2 Wire ferrules 224
  5.2.2.3 Wire pin terminals 225
  5.2.2.4 Speaker pins 225
  5.2.3 Misc. wire terminals 225
  5.2.3.1 Wire socket terminals 225
  5.2.3.2 Grounding wire terminals 225
  5.3 Board terminals 225
  5.3.1 Board screw/threaded terminals 226
  5.3.1.1 Swaged screw terminals 226
  5.3.1.2 Through-hole screw terminals 226
  5.3.1.3 SMD threaded terminals 226
  5.3.1.4 Press-fit threaded terminals 226
  5.3.1.5 Wire-cage PCB terminals 226
  5.3.1.6 Broaching PCB fasteners 227
  5.3.2 Board pins and posts 227
  5.3.2.1 Pins and posts 227
  5.3.2.2 Turrets 228
  5.3.2.3 Test points 229
  5.3.3 Board sockets 229
  5.3.3.1 Machined socket terminals 229
  5.3.3.2 Formed socket terminals 229
  5.4 Other mount terminals 229
  5.4.1 Loose terminals 230
  5.4.2 Panel mount terminals 230
  5.4.2.1 Solder lugs 230
  5.4.3 Conductor-mount terminals 231
  5.4.3.1 Magnet wire terminals 231
  5.4.3.2 Foil terminals 231
  5.4.3.3 Bus bar clips 232
  Chapter 6 Wire splices 233
  6.1 Chapter introduction 233
  6.1.1 Tidbits 233
  6.1.2 History of wire splices 233
  6.1.3 International glossary 234
  6.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 234
  6.1.4.1 Wire splice selection 234
  6.1.4.2 Wire splice identification 235
  6.1.4.3 Classes related to wire splices 235
  6.1.5 Chapter orientation 235
  6.2 Technical notes, wire splices 236
  6.2.1 Wire splice types 236
  6.2.1.1 Permanent vs removable splices 236
  6.2.1.2 Joint vs. tap splices 236
  6.2.1.3 Aluminum and copper 236
  6.2.1.4 Splice kits 237
  6.2.2 Wire splice characteristics 237
  6.2.2.1 Number of wire entries, wires per entry 237
  6.2.2.2 Number of circuits 237
  6.2.2.3 Wire direction 237
  6.3 Catalog of splices 238
  6.3.1 Insulation displacement splices 238
  6.3.1.1 Button IDT splices 238
  6.3.1.2 Side-by-side IDT splices 238
  6.3.1.3 Hinged-cap IDT splices 239
  6.3.2 Crimp splices 239
  6.3.2.1 Butt crimp splices 239
  6.3.2.2 Parallel splices, crimp sleeves 240
  6.3.2.3 Crimp band splices 240
  6.3.2.4 Cap crimp splices 240
  6.3.2.5 B-wire piercing splices 240
  6.3.2.6 Multi-way splices 240
  6.3.3 Solder splices 240
  6.3.3.1 Wire solder splices 240
  6.3.3.2 Coaxial cable splices 241
  6.3.4 Poke-in splices 241
  6.3.4.1 Permanent poke-in splices 241
  6.3.4.2 Removable poke-in splices 241
  6.3.5 Lever splices 241
  6.3.5.1 Single-end lever splices 242
  6.3.5.2 In-line lever splices 242
  6.3.6 Twist-on splices (wire nuts) 242
  Chapter 7 Wiring interconnects 243
  7.1 Chapter introduction 243
  7.1.1 Tidbits 243
  7.1.2 History of wiring interconnects 243
  7.1.3 International glossary 244
  7.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 244
  7.1.4.1 AC power wiring interconnects selection 245
  7.1.4.2 Classes related to AC power interconnects 245
  7.1.4.3 Classes related to terminal strips and boards 245
  7.1.4.4 Classes related to through-panel parts 245
  7.1.4.5 AC power interconnect identification 246
  7.1.5 Chapter orientation 246
  7.2 AC power wiring interconnects 246
  7.2.1 Compression interconnects 247
  7.2.1.1 Tubular compression lugs 247
  7.2.1.2 Grounding compression connectors 248
  7.2.1.3 Compression connector 248
  7.2.1.4 Aluminum compression adapters 248
  7.2.2 Splicing mechanical connectors 248
  7.2.2.1 In-line splicer/reducer 249
  7.2.2.2 Shear bolt connectors 249
  7.2.2.3 Split bolts 249
  7.2.2.4 Parallel clamps 249
  7.2.3 Grounding mechanical connectors 249
  7.2.3.1 Ground rod clamps 249
  7.2.3.2 Lay-in ground lugs 249
  7.2.3.3 Ground lugs 249
  7.2.4 AC wiring bars 250
  7.2.4.1 Insulated multi-tap connectors 250
  7.2.4.2 Neutral bar 250
  7.2.4.3 Ground bars 250
  7.2.5 Bus bars and straps 250
  7.2.5.1 Grounding bus bar 250
  7.2.5.2 Jumper bus bar 250
  7.2.5.3 Ground straps 250
  7.3 Terminal strips and boards 251
  7.3.1 Permanent terminal strips and boards 251
  7.3.1.1 Turret strips and boards 251
  7.3.1.2 Solder terminal strips 251
  7.3.1.3 Ceramic tag strips 252
  7.3.1.4 Punch-down blocks 252
  7.4 Thru-panel wiring interconnects 252
  7.4.1 Feedthroughs and penetrators 252
  7.4.1.1 Feedthrough terminals 252
  7.4.1.2 Subsea penetrators 252
  7.4.1.3 Vacuum feedthroughs 252
  7.5 Board-to-board permanent interconnects 253
  7.5.1.1 Permanent board-to-board strip 253
  7.5.1.2 Lead strips 253
  7.6 Cable junctions 253
  7.6.1 Waterproof cable junctions 253
  Chapter 8 Junction and barrier blocks 254
  8.1 Chapter introduction 254
  8.1.1 Tidbits 254
  8.1.2 History of junction and barrier blocks 254
  8.1.3 International glossary 255
  8.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 255
  8.1.4.1 Junction and barrier block selection 255
  8.1.4.2 Junction and barrier block identification 255
  8.1.4.3 Classes related to junction, barrier blocks 256
  8.1.5 Chapter orientation 256
  8.2 Technical notes junction & barrier blocks 256
  8.2.1 Wire termination 256
  8.2.1.1 Simple wire termination 256
  8.2.1.2 Tongue terminal termination 257
  8.2.1.3 Quick-connect disconnect termination 257
  8.2.2 Current path 257
  8.3 Catalog of junction and barrier blocks 258
  8.3.1 Junction blocks, nuts, blocks and bars 258
  8.3.1.1 Junction posts 258
  8.3.1.2 Junction feedthroughs 259
  8.3.1.3 Junction blocks 259
  8.3.1.4 Junction bars 259
  8.3.2 Barrier blocks 259
  8.3.2.1 Panel-mount barrier blocks 260
  8.3.2.2 Feedthrough barrier blocks 260
  8.3.2.3 PCB barrier blocks 261
  8.3.2.4 Barrier block accessories 261
  8.4 Screw terminal strips and boards 261
  Chapter 9 Terminal blocks 262
  9.1 Chapter introduction 262
  9.1.1 Tidbits 262
  9.1.2 History of terminal blocks 262
  9.1.3 International glossary 263
  9.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 264
  9.1.4.1 Terminal block selection 265
  9.1.4.2 One-piece terminal block identification 265
  9.1.4.3 Pluggable terminal block identification 265
  9.1.4.4 Other classes related to terminal blocks 266
  9.1.5 Chapter orientation 267
  9.2 Technical notes, terminal blocks 267
  9.2.1 Terminal blocks for specific applications 267
  9.2.1.1 Terminal blocks in AC power applications 267
  9.2.1.2 Terminal blocks for thermocouples 268
  9.2.2 Wire termination in wire cages 268
  9.2.2.1 Wire preparation for terminal blocks 268
  9.2.2.2 Terminal block sizes 268
  9.2.3 Variable length terminal blocks 268
  9.3 Panel terminal blocks 269
  9.3.1 Tubular terminal strips, blocks 269
  9.3.1.1 Europa-style terminal strips 269
  9.3.1.2 Pluggable Europa-style strips 270
  9.3.1.3 Quick-spring terminal blocks 271
  9.3.2 Flush-panel-mount terminal blocks 271
  9.3.2.1 Modular panel-mount terminal blocks 271
  9.3.2.2 US power distribution terminal blocks 271
  9.3.2.3 EU power distribution terminal blocks 272
  9.3.2.4 Monolithic panel-mount terminal blocks 272
  9.3.3 Feedthrough terminal blocks 272
  9.3.3.1 Modular, feedthrough terminal blocks 272
  9.3.3.2 Monolithic feedthrough terminal blocks 273
  9.3.4 Rail mount terminal blocks 274
  9.3.4.1 DIN rail terminal block mounting 274
  9.3.4.2 Termination of rail-mounted blocks 275
  9.3.4.3 Assembly of rail-mounted modular blocks 275
  9.3.4.4 Pitch of rail-mounted modular blocks 276
  9.3.4.5 Types of rail-mounted terminal blocks 276
  9.3.4.6 12GX1.5 cable termination 277
  9.3.4.7 Rail-mounted terminal block accessories 277
  9.3.4.8 Rail-mounted monoblocks 278
  9.4 PCB terminal blocks 278
  9.4.1 PCB terminal block characteristics 278
  9.4.1.1 PCB terminal block wire termination 278
  9.4.1.2 PCB terminal block wire entry 279
  9.4.1.3 PCB terminal block pitch 279
  9.4.1.4 PCB terminal block circuits and levels 280
  9.5 Pluggable terminal blocks 280
  9.5.1 Pluggable terminal block characteristics 281
  9.5.1.1 Pluggable terminal block gender 281
  9.5.1.2 Pluggable plug wire entry orientation 281
  9.5.1.3 Pluggable block header orientation 282
  9.5.1.4 Pluggable terminal block rows, levels 282
  9.5.1.5 Pluggable block polarization and coding 283
  9.5.1.6 Pluggable terminal block fastening 284
  9.5.2 Pluggable shrouded terminal blocks 284
  9.5.2.1 Pluggable terminal blocks, 2.5 mm 284
  9.5.2.2 Pluggable terminal blocks, 3.5 mm 284
  9.5.2.3 Pluggable terminal blocks, 3.81 mm 286
  9.5.2.4 Pluggable terminal blocks, 5 mm 287
  9.5.2.5 Pluggable terminal blocks, 5.08 mm 290
  9.5.2.6 Pluggable terminal blocks, 7.5 mm 290
  9.5.2.7 Pluggable terminal blocks 7.62mm 290
  9.5.2.8 Large pluggable terminal blocks 291
  9.5.3 Shroudless pluggable terminal blocks 291
  9.5.3.1 3.5 mm shroudless pluggable blocks 291
  9.5.3.2 5 mm shroudless pluggable blocks 292
  9.5.3.3 Misc. shroudless terminal blocks 292
  9.6 Misc. mount terminal blocks 292
  9.6.1 Transformer terminal blocks 292
  9.6.2 In-line terminal blocks 292
  9.6.2.1 Single-ended terminal strips 293
  9.6.2.2 In-line pluggable terminal blocks 293
  Chapter 10 Board-in interconnects 294
  10.1 Chapter introduction 294
  10.1.1 Tidbits 294
  10.1.2 History of board-in interconnects 294
  10.1.3 International glossary 294
  10.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 294
  10.1.4.1 Board-in selection and related classes 295
  10.1.4.2 Board-in interconnect identification 295
  10.1.4.3 Board-in interconnect classification 295
  10.1.5 Chapter orientation 296
  10.2 Board-in terminals 296
  10.2.1 Board-in wire terminals 296
  10.2.1.1 Permanent board-in wire terminals 296
  10.2.1.2 Separable board-in wire terminals 297
  10.2.2 Board-in cable terminals 298
  10.2.2.1 Board-in FFC terminals 298
  10.2.3 Board-in PCB terminals 298
  10.2.3.1 Poke-in board-in PCB terminals 298
  10.2.3.2 IDT board-in PCB terminals 298
  10.2.3.3 Solder board-in PCB terminals 299
  10.2.3.4 Wire-wrap board-in PCB terminals 299
  10.3 Board-in wire terminators and blocks 299
  10.3.1 Board-in wire terminators 299
  10.3.1.1 Board-in crimp terminators 299
  10.3.1.2 Board-in IDT terminators 299
  10.3.2 Board-in wire blocks 300
  10.3.2.1 Board-in open IDT blocks 300
  10.3.2.2 Board-in button IDT blocks 300
  10.3.2.3 Board-in mass-terminated blocks 300
  10.3.2.4 Board-in poke-in blocks 300
  10.3.2.5 Board-in solder strips 300
  10.4 Board-in cable terminators and blocks 301
  10.4.1 Board-in ribbon cable terminators and blocks 301
  10.4.1.1 Transition connectors 301
  10.4.1.2 Ribbon cable traps 301
  10.4.2 Board-in coaxial cable terminators and blocks 301
  10.4.2.1 Board-in coaxial cable terminators 301
  10.4.2.2 Board-in coaxial cable blocks 302
  Chapter 11 Device sockets 304
  11.1 Chapter introduction 304
  11.1.1 Tidbits 304
  11.1.2 History of device sockets 304
  11.1.3 International glossary 305
  11.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 306
  11.1.5 Chapter orientation 306
  11.2 Fuse clips, blocks, and holders 307
  11.2.1 Fuse socket terminology 307
  11.2.1.1 Fuse socket types 307
  11.2.1.2 Fuse blocks vs. fuse holders 308
  11.2.1.3 Ferrule vs. cartridge fuse 308
  11.2.2 Fuse socket considerations 309
  11.2.2.1 Should fuses be placed in sockets? 309
  11.2.2.2 Fuse replaceability vs. shock safety 309
  11.2.2.3 Fuses require sockets 309
  11.2.2.4 Making your own fuse block 309
  11.2.2.5 Fuse thermal management 309
  11.2.2.6 Fuse failure / missing indicator 309
  11.2.3 Fuse socket characteristics 310
  11.2.3.1 Fuse and socket current ratings 310
  11.2.3.2 Fuse and socket voltage ratings 310
  11.2.3.3 Fuse and socket environmental ratings 310
  11.2.3.4 Fuse and socket mechanical ratings 310
  11.2.3.5 Fuse types and sizes 310
  11.2.4 Fuse socket selection and related classes 311
  11.2.4.1 Fuse socket selection guide 311
  11.2.4.2 Fuse socket identification 311
  11.2.4.3 Classes related to fuse sockets 312
  11.2.5 Cartridge fuse sockets 313
  11.2.5.1 Ferrule fuse clips 313
  11.2.5.2 Ferrule fuse blocks 314
  11.2.5.3 In-line ferrule fuse holders 314
  11.2.5.4 PCB ferrule fuse holders 314
  11.2.5.5 Bulkhead ferrule fuse holders 315
  11.2.5.6 Rail-mount ferrule fuse holders 315
  11.2.5.7 Blade cartridge fuse blocks 315
  11.2.5.8 Large cartridge fuse studs and lugs 315
  11.2.6 Automotive fuse sockets 316
  11.2.6.1 Automotive blade fuse sockets 316
  11.2.6.2 Automotive prismatic fuse blocks 317
  11.2.6.3 Automotive high current fuse sockets 317
  11.2.7 Other fuse sockets 317
  11.2.7.1 SMD brick fuse clips and blocks 317
  11.2.7.2 Radial fuse blocks and holders 318
  11.2.7.3 Edison base fuse blocks 318
  11.2.7.4 Marine-rated battery fuse blocks 318
  11.3 Cell, battery clips, holders, connectors 318
  11.3.1 Cell and battery socket considerations 319
  11.3.1.1 Cell and battery types 319
  11.3.1.2 Cell vs. battery 319
  11.3.1.3 Protection from reverse installation 319
  11.3.1.4 Custom battery holders 319
  11.3.1.5 Li-ion safety concerns 319
  11.3.1.6 Vehicle reliability concerns 319
  11.3.2 Cell/battery socket selection, related classes 320
  11.3.2.1 Cell and battery socket selection guide 320
  11.3.2.2 Cell and battery socket identification 320
  11.3.2.3 Classes related to cell and battery sockets 320
  11.3.3 Cell and battery socket catalog 320
  11.3.3.1 Coin cell contacts, retainers, and holders 320
  11.3.3.2 Cylindrical cell contacts and holders 321
  11.3.3.3 9 V battery snaps, holders, connectors 321
  11.3.3.4 12 V battery terminals 322
  11.4 Semiconductor sockets and plugs 322
  11.4.1 Semi socket selection, related classes 322
  11.4.1.1 Semiconductor socket selection guide 322
  11.4.1.2 Semiconductor socket identification 322
  11.4.1.3 Classes related to semiconductor sockets 322
  11.4.2 Transistor sockets 323
  11.4.3 IC sockets 323
  11.4.3.1 DIP sockets 323
  11.4.3.2 ZIF DIP sockets 324
  11.4.3.3 SOIC ZIF sockets 324
  11.4.3.4 PLCC sockets 325
  11.4.3.5 TQFP ZIF sockets 325
  11.4.3.6 Grid array IC ZIF sockets 325
  11.4.3.7 Misc. sockets 326
  11.4.4 DIP plugs 326
  11.4.4.1 DIP ribbon cable plugs 326
  11.4.4.2 DIP component carriers 327
  11.4.4.3 Male-to-male adapters 327
  11.4.4.4 IC adapters 327
  11.5 Card edge sockets 328
  11.5.1 Card edge socket selection, related classes 328
  11.5.1.1 Card applications 328
  11.5.1.2 Card edge socket selection guide 329
  11.5.1.3 Card edge socket identification 329
  11.5.1.4 Classes related to card edge sockets 329
  11.5.2 Card edge characteristics 329
  11.5.2.1 Card edge shape 329
  11.5.2.2 Card edge rows and readouts 330
  11.5.2.3 Card edge pitch 330
  11.5.2.4 Card edge circuits 331
  11.5.3 Card edge socket, mating characteristics 331
  11.5.3.1 Acceptable card thicknesses 332
  11.5.3.2 Card edge socket coding and sections 332
  11.5.3.3 Card locking and support 333
  11.5.3.4 Card-edge socket rows and readouts 333
  11.5.3.5 Card edge socket contacts 334
  11.5.3.6 Card edge insertion force 335
  11.5.4 Card edge socket, termination characteristics 335
  11.5.4.1 Board-mounted card edge sockets 335
  11.5.4.2 Panel-mounted card edge sockets 336
  11.5.4.3 Termination of card edge plugs 337
  11.5.5 Application-specific card edge sockets 337
  11.5.5.1 Sockets for memory cards 337
  11.5.5.2 Card edge sockets for card racks 337
  11.5.5.3 Card edge sockets for standard buses 337
  11.5.5.4 Card edge sockets for power supplies 338
  11.5.5.5 Card edge sockets for solid state lighting 339
  11.5.5.6 Card edge sockets for medical test strips 339
  11.5.6 Card edge plugs 339
  11.5.6.1 RAST 2.5 card edge plugs 339
  11.5.6.2 Other card edge plugs 339
  11.5.7 Card edge males and interposers 340
  11.5.7.1 Male mates for card edge sockets 340
  11.5.7.2 Card edge double-ended sockets 340
  11.6 FFC/FPC sockets 340
  11.6.1 FFC socket selection, related classes 340
  11.6.1.1 FFC/FPC socket selection guide 340
  11.6.1.2 FFC socket identification 341
  11.6.1.3 Classes related to FFC sockets 341
  11.6.2 FFC/FPC considerations 341
  11.6.2.1 Cable types 341
  11.6.2.2 FFC jumper options 341
  11.6.2.3 FPC tail shape 342
  11.6.2.4 FPC pads 342
  11.6.3 FFC/FPC socket considerations 342
  11.6.3.1 Types of FFC/FPC sockets 342
  11.6.3.2 Latched FPC sockets 343
  11.6.3.3 FFC/FPC entry orientation, contacts 344
  11.6.3.4 Socket and cable circuit numbering 344
  11.6.3.5 FFC circuit order reversal 345
  11.6.3.6 Vertical socket PCB terminals 346
  11.6.3.7 FFC/FPC pitch, thickness compatibility 346
  11.6.3.8 Socket compatibility with cable types 347
  11.6.3.9 Sockets for shielded FFC 347
  11.6.3.10 FFC/FPC socket termination 348
  11.6.3.11 Proper mating assurance 348
  11.6.3.12 FFC/FPC socket comparison 348
  11.6.4 LIF FFC/FPC sockets 349
  11.6.5 Snap-in FPC sockets 349
  11.6.6 ZIF FFC/FPC sockets 350
  11.6.6.1 Slider FFC/FPC sockets 351
  11.6.6.2 Front-flip FFC/FPC socket 351
  11.6.6.3 Back-flip FFC/FPC socket 352
  11.6.7 FPC jackets and sockets 352
  11.7 Other device sockets 353
  11.7.1 Computer card sockets 353
  11.7.2 Ribbon cable sockets 354
  11.7.3 Electric component sockets 355
  11.7.3.1 Lamp sockets 355
  11.7.3.2 Vacuum tube sockets 355
  11.7.3.3 Relay sockets 356
  11.7.3.4 Switch sockets 356
  11.7.3.5 Crystal resonator sockets 357
  11.7.3.6 LED strip sockets and splices 357
  11.7.3.7 PCB clips 357
  Chapter 12 Compression interconnects 358
  12.1 Chapter introduction 358
  12.1.1 Tidbits 358
  12.1.2 History of compression interconnects 358
  12.1.3 International glossary 358
  12.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 359
  12.1.4.1 Compression interconnects selection 359
  12.1.4.2 Compression interconnect identification 359
  12.1.4.3 Classes related to compression inter. 359
  12.1.5 Chapter orientation 360
  12.2 Catalog of compression interconnects 360
  12.2.1 Spring-loaded interconnects 360
  12.2.1.1 Pogo pins 360
  12.2.1.2 Pogo headers 361
  12.2.1.3 Test fixture probes 361
  12.2.1.4 Compression coax board-to-board 364
  12.2.1.5 PCB springs 364
  12.2.1.6 PCB spring leaves 364
  12.2.1.7 Spring leaf PCB headers 365
  12.2.1.8 Spring-loaded targets 365
  12.2.2 EMI shielding products 365
  12.2.2.1 EMI shielding resilient materials 365
  12.2.2.2 EMI finger stock 365
  12.2.3 Direct wire-to-board plugs 366
  12.2.3.1 Direct plugs to pads 366
  12.2.3.2 Direct to PCB plugs 366
  12.2.3.3 Direct clips to castellations 367
  12.2.4 Direct board-to-board interconnects 367
  12.2.4.1 Elastomeric strips 367
  12.2.4.2 Single piece mezzanine interposers 368
  12.2.5 LED strip interconnects 368
  12.2.5.1 LED strip direct-mating plugs 369
  12.2.5.2 LED strip splices 369
  Chapter 13 Shroudless strips 370
  13.1 Chapter introduction 370
  13.1.1 Tidbits 370
  13.1.2 History of shroudless strips 370
  13.1.2.1 "AmpModu", "Berg", and "DuPont" 370
  13.1.2.2 Other companies 371
  13.1.3 International glossary 371
  13.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 371
  13.1.4.1 Shroudless strip connectors selection 371
  13.1.4.2 Shroudless strip identification 371
  13.1.4.3 Classes related to shroudless strips 371
  13.1.5 Chapter orientation 372
  13.2 Technical notes, shroudless strips 372
  13.2.1 Shroudless strip characteristics 372
  13.2.1.1 Shroudless strip sizes 372
  13.2.1.2 Shroudless strip intermateability 372
  13.2.1.3 "Two orientations" of right-angle strips 373
  13.2.1.4 Shroudless rectangular connectors contrast 373
  13.2.2 Applications of shroudless strips 374
  13.3 Catalog of shroudless strips 375
  13.3.1 Shroudless strip PCB headers 375
  13.3.1.1 Shroudless strip male headers 375
  13.3.1.2 Shroudless strip female headers 376
  13.3.1.3 Shroudless strip stackers 377
  13.3.2 Shroudless strip plugs 377
  13.3.2.1 Male and female shroudless strip plugs 378
  13.3.2.2 Conversion to rectangular connectors 378
  13.3.3 Programming jumpers/shunts 378
  13.3.4 Solid-state shroudless strips 379
  13.3.4.1 LED strip plugs 379
  13.3.4.2 LED strip adapters 379
  13.3.4.3 LED lamp connectors 379
  Chapter 14 Rectangular connectors 381
  14.1 Chapter introduction 381
  14.1.1 Tidbits 381
  14.1.2 History of rectangular connectors 381
  14.1.2.1 Wire-to-wire 382
  14.1.2.2 Wire-to-board 382
  14.1.2.3 Board-to-board 382
  14.1.2.4 Appliance 382
  14.1.2.5 Automotive 383
  14.1.3 International glossary 383
  14.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 383
  14.1.4.1 Rectangular connectors selection 383
  14.1.4.2 Rectangular connector identification 384
  14.1.4.3 Automotive connector identification 384
  14.1.4.4 Classes related to board-to-board conn. 384
  14.1.4.5 Classes related to wire-to-wire conn. 384
  14.1.4.6 Classes related to wire-to-board conn. 385
  14.1.5 Chapter orientation 385
  14.2 Technical notes, rectangular connectors 386
  14.2.1 Parts of a rectangular connector 386
  14.2.2 Contact arrangement, numbering 386
  14.2.2.1 Single-row arrangement, numbering 386
  14.2.2.2 Multi-row arrangement, numbering 387
  14.2.2.3 Hybrid positions arrangement, numbering 388
  14.2.3 Polarization, keying, and coding 388
  14.2.3.1 Polarization 388
  14.2.3.2 Keying and coding 390
  14.2.4 Fastening of rectangular connectors 391
  14.3 Board-to-board connectors 391
  14.3.1 Board-to-board connectors topologies 391
  14.3.1.1 Parallel topologies, mezzanine 392
  14.3.1.2 Perpendicular topologies, backplane 393
  14.3.1.3 Perpendicular topologies, orthogonal 395
  14.3.1.4 Coplanar topology 396
  14.3.1.5 Tilted topologies 396
  14.3.1.6 Connectors for each topology 396
  14.3.2 Technical notes, board-to-board connectors 397
  14.3.2.1 Mated height 397
  14.3.2.2 Misalignment, blind mating 397
  14.3.2.3 Board-to-board polarity 397
  14.3.3 Low profile mezzanine connectors 397
  14.3.3.1 Single-beam mezzanine connectors 398
  14.3.3.2 Dual-beam, inner-contact mezzanine 398
  14.3.3.3 Dual-beam, outer-contact mezzanine 399
  14.3.3.4 Standard dual-beam mezzanine connectors 399
  14.3.3.5 Hybrid dual-beam mezzanine connectors 399
  14.3.4 Small genderless board-to-board connectors 400
  14.3.4.1 C-E vs. C-T cross-section 400
  14.3.4.2 Unpolarized board-to-board connectors 400
  14.3.4.3 Polarized board-to-board connectors 401
  14.3.4.4 Pegged board-to-board connectors 401
  14.3.4.5 Special contacts board-to-board conn. 401
  14.3.4.6 Floating board-to-board connectors 401
  14.3.4.7 Other genderless board-to-board conn. 402
  14.3.5 Small gendered board-to-board connectors 402
  14.3.5.1 Classic single-row board-to-board conn. 402
  14.3.5.2 SMC rectangular connectors 402
  14.3.5.3 Partitioned board-to-board connectors 402
  14.3.5.4 Self-mate board-to-board connectors 403
  14.3.5.5 Misc. small gendered board-to-board 403
  14.3.6 Array board-to-board connectors 403
  14.3.6.1 DIN 41612 connectors 403
  14.3.6.2 High-density b-to-b connectors 405
  14.3.6.3 Hard metric board-to-board connectors 405
  14.3.6.4 Misc. gendered array b-to-b connectors 407
  14.3.6.5 Genderless array board-to-board 407
  14.3.7 Blade board-to-board connectors 408
  14.3.7.1 Parallel-blade board-to-board connectors 408
  14.3.7.2 Coplanar-blades board-to-board conn. 408
  14.3.7.3 Split-blade board-to-board connectors 409
  14.3.7.4 Battery blade board-to-board connectors 409
  14.3.7.5 Solid-state lighting blade connectors 409
  14.3.8 Misc. board-to-board connectors 410
  14.3.8.1 Vintage shroudless card cage connectors 410
  14.3.8.2 Other b-to-b connectors 411
  14.4 General-purpose connectors 411
  14.4.1 Prismatic connectors 412
  14.4.1.1 Unlatched prismatic crimp connectors 413
  14.4.1.2 Prismatic connector derivatives 414
  14.4.1.3 FFC-terminated prismatic connectors 415
  14.4.1.4 Narrow ribbon cable prismatic connectors 415
  14.4.1.5 Bump IDC 415
  14.4.1.6 Latched prismatic crimp connectors 418
  14.4.1.7 Miniflex connectors 418
  14.4.2 Pin-and-socket connectors 419
  14.4.2.1 Pin-and-socket contacts 419
  14.4.2.2 Pin-and-socket housings 420
  14.4.2.3 Pin-and-socket positions arrangement 420
  14.4.3 Partitioned face rectangular connectors 421
  14.4.3.1 Rounded partition connectors 422
  14.4.3.2 Mini Fit partitioned connectors 423
  14.4.3.3 Mini Fit connector variants 424
  14.4.3.4 Micro Fit connectors 425
  14.4.3.5 Other "Fit" derivatives 425
  14.4.3.6 Misc. partitioned face connectors 425
  14.4.4 Single-wall connectors 426
  14.4.4.1 3.96 mm single-wall connectors 426
  14.4.4.2 2.54 mm single-wall connectors 427
  14.4.4.3 CPU fan connectors 427
  14.4.4.4 Single-wall connector position numbering 428
  14.4.4.5 Single-wall connectors with missing pins 428
  14.4.4.6 Single-wall other than wire-to-board 429
  14.4.5 Small wire-to-board connectors 429
  14.4.5.1 Low profile connector definition 429
  14.4.5.2 Low-profile headers 429
  14.4.5.3 Low-profile plugs 431
  14.4.5.4 Low-profile connector polarization 432
  14.4.5.5 Low-profile connector fastening 432
  14.4.5.6 Low profile connector compatibility 433
  14.4.5.7 Low-profile sidelined connectors 433
  14.4.5.8 Parallel-mate connectors 434
  14.4.6 Full-size regular connectors 435
  14.4.6.1 Metrimate / Trident connectors 435
  14.4.6.2 Dynamic / JFA connectors 436
  14.4.6.3 Wire-to-wire connectors 437
  14.4.7 Irregular gendered rectangular conn. 437
  14.4.7.1 Shroudless polarized wire-to-board conn. 438
  14.4.7.2 Other irregular rectangular connectors 438
  14.4.8 Genderless rectangular connectors 438
  14.4.8.1 LVDS connectors 438
  14.4.8.2 Magnetic Pogo rectangular connectors 440
  14.4.8.3 Other genderless rectangular connectors 440
  14.5 Application-specific connectors 440
  14.5.1 Appliance connectors 440
  14.5.1.1 Standard Timer sockets 441
  14.5.1.2 Faston boots 441
  14.5.1.3 RAST 5 connectors 441
  14.5.2 Automotive connectors 441
  14.5.2.1 Automotive connector contacts 442
  14.5.2.2 Automotive Terminal Position Assurance 444
  14.5.2.3 Automotive connector keying 445
  14.5.2.4 Automotive connector sealing 445
  14.5.2.5 Automotive connector latching, coupling 445
  14.5.2.6 Automotive connector mount 446
  14.5.2.7 Wire-to-wire automotive connectors 446
  14.5.2.8 Wire-to-board automotive connectors 447
  14.5.2.9 CAN bus distribution blocks 447
  14.5.2.10 Automotive RF connectors 447
  14.5.2.11 High-current EV connectors 448
  14.5.2.12 2.8mm "automobile" connectors 448
  14.5.2.13 SAE J1239 connectors, derivatives 448
  14.5.3 Hot-pluggable connectors 449
  14.5.3.1 SATA hot-pluggable connectors 449
  14.5.3.2 SFF-8087 hot-pluggable connectors 450
  14.5.3.3 SAS/PCIe hot-pluggable connectors 450
  14.5.3.4 SFP hot-pluggable connectors 450
  14.5.3.5 Misc. hot-pluggable connectors 451
  14.5.4 RC model power connectors 451
  14.5.4.1 Bullet-type RC model connectors 452
  14.5.4.2 Other RC model connectors 453
  14.5.5 Misc. application-specific connectors 454
  14.5.5.1 Sensor connectors 454
  14.5.5.2 High voltage connectors 454
  14.5.5.3 Thermocouple connectors 454
  14.5.5.4 Power tool battery connectors 455
  14.5.5.5 Lighting fixture connectors 455
  Chapter 15 Single-circuit connectors 457
  15.1 Chapter introduction 457
  15.1.1 Tidbits 457
  15.1.2 History of single-circuit connectors 457
  15.1.2.1 Binding posts 458
  15.1.2.2 Banana connectors 458
  15.1.2.3 RC bullets 458
  15.1.2.4 Quick-connect disconnects 458
  15.1.3 International glossary 458
  15.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 459
  15.1.4.1 Single-circuit connectors selection 459
  15.1.4.2 Single-circuit connectors identification 460
  15.1.4.3 Classes related to single-circuit connectors 460
  15.1.5 Chapter orientation 460
  15.2 Disconnects 461
  15.2.1 Quick-connect disconnects 461
  15.2.1.1 Quick-connect catalog 461
  15.2.1.2 0. 250" quick-connects 461
  15.2.1.3 "Locking" quick-connect plugs 462
  15.2.1.4 Quick-connect adapters 463
  15.2.2 Other disconnects 463
  15.2.2.1 Packard 56 463
  15.2.2.2 Bullet disconnects 463
  15.2.2.3 Knife disconnects 463
  15.2.2.4 Snap disconnects 463
  15.3 Naked-pin connectors 464
  15.3.1 Banana connectors and binding posts 464
  15.3.1.1 Binding posts 464
  15.3.1.2 Banana connectors 464
  15.3.1.3 Banana variants 465
  15.3.2 Small naked-pin connectors 465
  15.3.2.1 Tip connectors 465
  15.3.2.2 Wander plugs 466
  15.3.2.3 Board pins and wire sockets 466
  15.3.2.4 Board-to-board. wire-to-board connectors 466
  15.3.3 Large naked-pin connectors 466
  15.3.3.1 RC bullet connectors 466
  15.3.3.2 Radsok connectors 467
  15.4 Unipole connectors 467
  15.4.1 Technical notes, unipole connectors 467
  15.4.1.1 Shielded unipole connectors 467
  15.4.1.2 Unipole latching 468
  15.4.2 Signal unipole connectors 468
  15.4.2.1 Pin-and-socket unipole connectors 468
  15.4.2.2 Slim metal unipole connectors 468
  15.4.2.3 Rubber unipole connectors 468
  15.4.2.4 Surface electrode connectors 468
  15.4.3 High-power unipole connectors 468
  15.4.3.1 PowerPole connectors 468
  15.4.3.2 Camlock connectors 469
  15.4.3.3 Powerlock connectors 470
  15.4.3.4 Energy storage connectors 471
  15.4.3.5 Large metal unipole connectors 471
  15.4.3.6 High-current plastic unipolar 472
  15.4.3.7 Solar panel connectors, MC4 472
  15.4.3.8 Misc. high-power unipole connectors 472
  Chapter 16 Concentric connectors 473
  16.1 Chapter introduction 473
  16.1.1 Tidbits 473
  16.1.2 History of concentric connectors 474
  16.1.2.1 Phone connector 474
  16.1.2.2 Cigarette lighter connector 475
  16.1.2.3 Phono connector 475
  16.1.2.4 Coax barrel power plug 475
  16.1.3 International glossary 475
  16.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 475
  16.1.4.1 Concentric connectors selection 476
  16.1.4.2 Concentric connector identification 476
  16.1.4.3 Classes related to concentric connectors 476
  16.1.5 Chapter orientation 477
  16.2 Catalog of concentric connectors 477
  16.2.1 Phone connectors 477
  16.2.1.1 1/4-inch Phone connectors 477
  16.2.1.2 Phone connectors variants 478
  16.2.1.3 Miniature Phone connectors 478
  16.2.2 Coax barrel power couplers 479
  16.2.2.1 Standard coax barrel power couplers 480
  16.2.2.2 EIAJ coax barrel power couplers 481
  16.2.2.3 CCTV coax barrel power coupler 481
  16.2.2.4 Coax barrel power coupler variants 482
  16.2.3 Other concentric connectors 482
  16.2.3.1 Phono (RCA) connectors 483
  16.2.3.2 Cigarette lighter connectors 484
  16.2.3.3 Coplanar concentric connectors 484
  16.2.3.4 Flush concentric connectors 485
  16.2.3.5 Misc. concentric connectors 485
  16.2.4 Concentric adapters 485
  Chapter 17 Coax connectors 487
  17.1 Chapter introduction 487
  17.1.1 Tidbits 487
  17.1.2 History of coax/RF connectors 488
  17.1.3 International glossary 489
  17.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 489
  17.1.4.1 Coax connectors selection 489
  17.1.4.2 Coax connector identification 490
  17.1.4.3 Classes related to coax connectors 490
  17.1.5 Chapter orientation 491
  17.2 Technical notes, coax connectors 491
  17.2.1 Coax connector electrical characteristics 491
  17.2.1.1 Coax connector characteristic impedance 492
  17.2.1.2 Coax connector cutoff frequency 494
  17.2.1.3 Coax connector power handling 494
  17.2.1.4 Coaxial cable power handling 495
  17.2.1.5 Coax connector insertion loss 495
  17.2.2 Coaxial connector mechanical characteristics 496
  17.2.2.1 Gender of coax connectors 496
  17.2.2.2 Reverse polarity coax connectors 496
  17.2.2.3 Parts of a coax connector 496
  17.2.2.4 Shield/fastener separation 497
  17.2.2.5 Mating vs. shield diameter 498
  17.2.2.6 Coaxial connector mating cycles 498
  17.2.2.7 Coaxial connector fastening and coupling 498
  17.2.2.8 Keying of coax connectors 499
  17.2.3 Coaxial-terminated plugs, receptacles 499
  17.2.3.1 Coax plugs 499
  17.2.3.2 Panel-mount coax receptacles 500
  17.2.3.3 Coaxial cable compatibility 501
  17.2.4 PCB-mount coax connectors 502
  17.3 Catalog of coax/RF connectors 502
  17.3.1 Interior RF connectors 502
  17.3.1.1 Miniature RF cable-to-board connectors 503
  17.3.2 Microwave connectors 503
  17.3.2.1 Blind-mate microwave connectors 504
  17.3.2.2 Large microwave connectors 505
  17.3.2.3 SMA microwave connectors, derivatives 505
  17.3.2.4 Medium microwave connectors 506
  17.3.2.5 SMB microwave connectors, derivatives 507
  17.3.2.6 Small microwave connectors 508
  17.3.3 Standard exterior RF connectors 509
  17.3.3.1 Belling Lee 509
  17.3.3.2 UHF connector and derivatives 509
  17.3.3.3 N-type connectors and derivatives 510
  17.3.3.4 BNC connectors 510
  17.3.3.5 BNC derivative connectors 511
  17.3.3.6 TNC connectors and derivatives 512
  17.3.3.7 F-type connector 512
  17.3.3.8 Other TV and video coax connectors 512
  17.3.3.9 Telecom RF connectors 513
  17.3.3.10 Misc, standard RF connectors 514
  17.3.4 Atypical exterior RF connectors 514
  17.3.4.1 Genderless, self-mate RF connectors 514
  17.3.4.2 Mobile antenna connectors 515
  17.3.4.3 High-power EIA flange RF connectors 515
  17.3.4.4 Slim coax connectors 516
  17.3.5 Non-RF coax connectors 516
  17.3.5.1 Twinax connectors 516
  17.3.5.2 Triax connectors 517
  17.3.5.3 High voltage coax connectors 517
  17.4 Coaxial ancillary components 517
  17.4.1 Coax couplers, adapters, and splitters 518
  17.4.1.1 Coax couplers 518
  17.4.1.2 Coax splitters 518
  17.4.1.3 Between series coax adapters 519
  17.4.2 Coax terminators and attenuators 519
  17.4.3 Coax accessories 520
  17.5 Waveguide flanges 520
  Chapter 18 Circular connectors 523
  18.1 Chapter introduction 523
  18.1.1 Tidbits 523
  18.1.2 History of circular connectors 524
  18.1.2.1 Starting in California 524
  18.1.2.2 Meanwhile, in Europe 524
  18.1.2.3 And in Asia 525
  18.1.3 International glossary 525
  18.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 525
  18.1.4.1 Circular connectors selection 525
  18.1.4.2 Circular connector identification 526
  18.1.4.3 Classes related to circular connectors 526
  18.1.5 Chapter orientation 527
  18.2 Technical notes, circular connectors 527
  18.2.1 Circular connector characteristics 527
  18.2.1.1 Circular connector mount 527
  18.2.1.2 Parts of a circular connector 528
  18.2.1.3 Contact arrangement and numbering 529
  18.2.1.4 Circular connector polarization 530
  18.2.2 Circular connector mating 532
  18.2.2.1 Scooping 532
  18.2.2.2 Circular connector fastening, coupling 532
  18.3 General-purpose circular connectors 532
  18.3.1 XLR circular connectors and derivatives 532
  18.3.1.1 XLR circular connectors 533
  18.3.1.2 XLR derivatives 533
  18.3.1.3 XLR-NLE AC power connectors 534
  18.3.1.4 Mini-XLR circular connectors 534
  18.3.2 DIN-type circular connectors 534
  18.3.2.1 Tuchel circular connectors 534
  18.3.2.2 DIN circular connectors 534
  18.3.2.3 Mini-DIN circular connectors 536
  18.3.2.4 Mini-DIN connector derivatives 537
  18.3.2.5 Power DIN 538
  18.3.3 MIL-spec circular connectors 538
  18.3.3.1 MIL-spec arrangement, numbering 539
  18.3.3.2 MIL-DTL-38999 connectors 540
  18.3.4 CPC and CMC circular connectors 543
  18.3.4.1 CPC circular connectors 543
  18.3.4.2 CMC circular connectors 544
  18.3.5 Classic metal circular connectors 544
  18.3.5.1 GX metal circular connectors 545
  18.3.5.2 CNR01/'P' metal circular connectors 545
  18.3.5.3 XS metal circular connectors 547
  18.3.6 IEC industrial circular connectors 547
  18.3.6.1 IEC connector technical notes 547
  18.3.6.2 7/8" circular connectors 549
  18.3.6.3 M5 and M8 IEC circular connectors 550
  18.3.6.4 M12 IEC circular connectors 550
  18.3.6.5 Large IEC circular connectors 552
  18.3.6.6 Industrial motor IEC circular connectors 554
  18.3.6.7 NMEA 2000 circular connectors 554
  18.3.7 Slim circular connectors 555
  18.3.7.1 Metal shell slim circular connectors 555
  18.3.7.2 Plastic shell slim circular connectors 556
  18.3.7.3 Medical slim circular connectors 557
  18.3.7.4 High-density push-pull connectors 557
  18.3.8 Tri-eco power circular connectors 558
  18.3.9 X-style circular connectors 558
  18.3.10 Plastic power circular connectors 559
  18.3.10.1 RD24 circular connectors 559
  18.3.10.2 Bulgin Buccaneer connectors 560
  18.3.10.3 SP plastic circular connectors 560
  18.3.11 Micro/nano circular connectors 561
  18.3.12 Proprietary circular connectors 561
  18.3.12.1 WeiPu circular connectors 561
  18.3.12.2 Push-button latch circular connectors 562
  18.4 Application-specific connectors 562
  18.4.1 Lighting circular connectors 562
  18.4.1.1 LED lighting 562
  18.4.1.2 Accent lighting circular connectors 564
  18.4.1.3 Stage lighting circular connectors 564
  18.4.2 E-bike connectors 565
  18.4.2.1 E-bike signal connectors 565
  18.4.2.2 E-bike motor connectors 566
  18.4.2.3 E-bike battery connectors 566
  18.4.2.4 E-bike charger connectors 566
  18.4.3 Automotive circular connectors 567
  18.4.3.1 HSD circular connectors 567
  18.4.3.2 ISO 15170 circular connectors 567
  18.4.3.3 Harsh environment circular connectors 568
  18.4.3.4 Misc. automotive circular connectors 568
  18.4.3.5 Traction battery circular connectors 568
  18.4.3.6 Tractor trailer connectors 568
  18.4.4 Other transportation circular connectors 569
  18.4.4.1 Aviation circular connectors 569
  18.4.4.2 Railway circular connectors 569
  18.4.5 Immersion circular connectors 569
  18.4.5.1 Dry-mate immersion circular connectors 570
  18.4.5.2 Wet-mate immersion circular connectors 570
  18.4.5.3 Downhole circular connectors 571
  18.4.6 Industrial circular connectors 571
  18.4.6.1 Explosion-proof circular connectors 571
  18.4.6.2 Nuclear radiation circular connectors 571
  18.4.6.3 Vacuum circular connectors 572
  18.4.6.4 Base station circular connectors 572
  18.4.6.5 Ethernet circular connectors 572
  18.5 Irregular circular connectors 572
  18.5.1 Shroudless circular connectors 573
  18.5.1.1 Vintage shroudless circular connectors 573
  18.5.1.2 Circle hex connectors 573
  18.5.1.3 DIN speaker connectors 573
  18.5.2 Genderless circular connectors 573
  18.5.2.1 Pogo-pin communication equipment 574
  18.5.2.2 Magnetic circular connectors 574
  18.5.2.3 speakOn public address connectors 574
  18.5.2.4 Misc. genderless circular connectors 575
  18.5.3 Circular connectors with sub-connectors 575
  18.5.3.1 Compound circular connectors 575
  18.5.3.2 Data I/O circular connectors 575
  Chapter 19 Exterior signal connectors 577
  19.1 Chapter introduction 577
  19.1.1 Tidbits 577
  19.1.2 History of exterior signal connectors 577
  19.1.2.1 Telephone connector history 577
  19.1.2.2 D-shell connector history 578
  19.1.2.3 Data I/O connector history 578
  19.1.3 International glossary 578
  19.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 579
  19.1.4.1 Exterior signal connector selection 579
  19.1.4.2 Exterior connector signal identification 579
  19.1.4.3 Classes related to exterior signal conn. 579
  19.1.5 Chapter orientation 579
  19.2 D-shell connectors 580
  19.2.1 Genderless D-shell connectors 580
  19.2.1.1 Micro-Ribbon connectors 580
  19.2.1.2 Mini-D ribbon connectors 581
  19.2.1.3 Shrunk-D ribbon connectors 581
  19.2.2 Gendered D-shell connectors 581
  19.2.2.1 D-sub connectors 582
  19.2.2.2 Micro-D connectors 585
  19.2.2.3 Nano-D connectors 585
  19.2.2.4 Other gendered D-shell connectors 586
  19.3 Telephone and modular connectors 586
  19.3.1 Vintage telephone connectors 586
  19.3.2 Modular connectors, registered jack 587
  19.3.2.1 Modular plugs and jacks 587
  19.3.2.2 Registered Jack and modular notation 588
  19.3.2.3 Circular modular connectors 588
  19.3.2.4 Modular connector derivatives 588
  19.4 Data I/O connectors 589
  19.4.1 USB connectors 589
  19.4.1.1 USB host and device 589
  19.4.1.2 Standard USB connectors 590
  19.4.1.3 USB variants 592
  19.4.1.4 Proprietary USB connectors 593
  19.4.2 Other data I/O connectors 593
  19.4.2.1 eSata 594
  19.4.2.2 HDI 594
  19.4.2.3 ix industrial 595
  19.4.2.4 Firewire IEEE1394 595
  19.4.2.5 Lightning 595
  19.4.2.6 Thunderbolt 595
  19.4.3 Video I/O connectors 595
  19.4.3.1 DisplayPort 595
  19.4.3.2 DVI 597
  19.4.3.3 HDMI 597
  19.4.3.4 SCART 597
  19.5 Misc. exterior signal connectors 597
  19.5.1.1 Magnetic Pogo connectors 598
  19.5.1.2 Home theater speaker connectors 598
  Chapter 20 Exterior power connectors 599
  20.1 Chapter introduction 599
  20.1.1 Tidbits 599
  20.1.2 History of exterior power connectors 599
  20.1.2.1 US AC power connector history 599
  20.1.2.2 German AC power connector history 600
  20.1.2.3 UK AC power connector history 600
  20.1.2.4 DC power connector history 600
  20.1.3 International glossary 601
  20.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 602
  20.1.4.1 Exterior power connector selection 602
  20.1.4.2 Exterior power connector identification 602
  20.1.4.3 Classes related to exterior power conn. 602
  20.1.5 Chapter orientation 602
  20.2 AC power connectors 603
  20.2.1 AC power connector terminology 603
  20.2.1.1 Outlet, inlet, and plug 603
  20.2.1.2 Genders 604
  20.2.1.3 Coupler 604
  20.2.1.4 Prong 604
  20.2.1.5 Grounded vs. grounding 604
  20.2.1.6 Pole 604
  20.2.1.7 Parts of an AC power connector 605
  20.2.2 AC power connector termination 605
  20.2.2.1 AC power polarity 605
  20.2.2.2 AC wire color code 606
  20.2.3 Consumer AC power connectors 606
  20.2.3.1 Why so many different plugs? 606
  20.2.3.2 Country connector type codes 607
  20.2.3.3 CEE 7 and Type C, E, F connectors 610
  20.2.3.4 NEMA and Type A, B connectors 612
  20.2.3.5 UK and Type G connectors 613
  20.2.3.6 Denmark and Type K connectors 613
  20.2.3.7 Thailand Type O connectors 613
  20.2.3.8 Israel and Type H connectors 613
  20.2.3.9 Australia, Argentina, and Type I conn. 614
  20.2.3.10 Switzerland and Type J connectors 614
  20.2.3.11 Italian and Type L connectors 614
  20.2.3.12 India, South Africa and Types D, M 615
  20.2.3.13 South Africa, Brazil, and Type N 615
  20.2.3.14 Multi-standard outlets 615
  20.2.3.15 AC power adapters 615
  20.2.4 NEMA industrial AC connectors 616
  20.2.4.1 NEMA standard high-power connectors 618
  20.2.4.2 NEMA twist-lock connectors 618
  20.2.5 Pin-and-sleeve AC power connectors 620
  20.2.5.1 NEMA Pin-and-sleeve connectors 620
  20.2.5.2 IEC 60309 Pin-and-sleeve connectors 620
  20.2.6 Appliance AC coupler 622
  20.2.6.1 Vintage appliance couplers 622
  20.2.6.2 IEC 60320 appliance couplers 622
  20.2.6.3 Power entry modules 625
  20.2.7 Industry-specific AC power connectors 626
  20.2.7.1 Public address, powerCON connectors 626
  20.2.7.2 Other stage AC power connectors 626
  20.2.7.3 EV charging connectors 626
  20.2.8 Weird AC connectors 628
  20.3 DC power connectors 629
  20.3.1 DC couplers 629
  20.3.2 Electric vehicle DC connectors 629
  20.3.2.1 Anderson Power SB battery connectors 629
  20.3.2.2 Euro Battery Connector 630
  20.3.2.3 E-bike DC charging connectors 630
  20.3.2.4 Golf cart charging connectors 631
  Chapter 21 Industrial connectors 632
  21.1 Chapter introduction 632
  21.1.1 Tidbits 632
  21.1.2 History of industrial connectors 632
  21.1.3 International glossary 633
  21.1.4 Selection, identification, and related classes 633
  21.1.4.1 Industrial connector identification 634
  21.1.4.2 Industrial selection and related classes 634
  21.1.5 Chapter orientation 635
  21.2 Heavy-duty connectors 635
  21.2.1 Heavy-duty connector introduction 635
  21.2.1.1 Sizes 635
  21.2.1.2 Family members 636
  21.2.1.3 Power Earth 636
  21.2.1.4 EMI shielding 637
  21.2.1.5 Heavy-duty connector sealing 637
  21.2.2 Heavy-duty connector housings 637
  21.2.2.1 Latching and fastening 638
  21.2.2.2 Hoods 638
  21.2.2.3 Bases 639
  21.2.2.4 Standalone covers 639
  21.2.2.5 Coupling hoods 639
  21.2.2.6 Cable glands 639
  21.2.2.7 DIN rail mount 639
  21.2.2.8 Docking frames 640
  21.2.2.9 Explosion-proof heavy-duty connectors 640
  21.2.3 Heavy-duty connector inserts 640
  21.2.3.1 Group B monoblock inserts 640
  21.2.3.2 Group A monoblock inserts 641
  21.2.3.3 Modular frames and inserts 642
  21.2.4 Heavy-duty connector accessories 643
  21.2.4.1 Crimp contacts 643
  21.2.4.2 Coding accessories 643
  21.2.5 Proprietary heavy-duty connectors 643
  21.3 Other industrial connectors 644
  21.3.1 Industrial valve sockets 644
  21.3.2 Vintage rectangular connectors 644
  21.3.2.1 Cinch Jones connectors 644
  21.3.2.2 Vintage pin and fork connectors 645
  21.3.2.3 DIN 41618 and DIN 41622 connectors 645
  21.3.2.4 Vintage diagonal fork connectors 645
  21.3.3 Drawer connectors 646
  21.3.3.1 Shroudless gendered drawer connectors 646
  21.3.3.2 Genderless drawer connectors 646
  21.3.3.3 Shrouded gendered drawer connectors 646
  21.3.3.4 Drawer connector frames 647
  21.3.3.5 Avionics drawer connectors 647
  21.3.4 Terminal Junction Systems 648
  21.3.4.1 Terminal Junction Systems introduction 648
  21.3.4.2 Rail-mount terminal junction modules 649
  21.3.4.3 Solder terminal junction modules 649
  21.3.4.4 Panel-mount terminal junctions 649
  21.3.4.5 Terminal junction plugs 650
  21.3.4.6 Terminal junction splices 650
  Chapter 22 Multiple-class interconnects 651
  22.1 Chapter introduction 651
  22.2 Catalog of multi-class interconnects 651
  22.2.1 Breakouts 651
  22.2.1.1 Breakout boards 651
  22.2.1.2 Terminal block adapters 651
  22.2.2 Adapters 652
  22.2.2.1 Adapters within a family 652
  22.2.2.2 Adapters within a class 652
  22.2.2.3 Adapters between classes 652
  22.2.3 Misc. multi-class interconnects 653
  Chapter 23 Non-electric components 655
  23.1 Chapter introduction 655
  23.1.1 Chapter orientation 655
  23.2 Fiber-optic connectors 655
  23.3 Accessories 656
  23.3.1 Connector accessories 656
  23.3.1.1 Keystone connector plates 656
  23.3.1.2 Connector frames 657
  23.3.1.3 Ferrite plates 657
  23.3.2 Cable accessories 657
  23.3.2.1 Cable grommets, bushings, and glands 657
  23.3.2.2 Board-in ribbon cable guides 657
 
  Part C - Usage 660
  Chapter 24 Design 661
  24.1 Chapter introduction 661
  24.1.1 Chapter orientation 661
  24.2 Electrical design 661
  24.2.1 Tips 661
  24.2.1.1 Design for manufacturability 661
  24.2.1.2 Design for reliability 661
  24.2.1.3 Flexible pinout assignment 662
  24.2.1.4 Design to avoid user misconnections 662
  24.2.1.5 Direct wire-to-PCB soldering 662
  24.2.2 Schematic diagrams 662
  24.2.2.1 Schematic diagram symbols 662
  24.2.2.2 Schematic diagram designators 663
  24.2.3 PCB design for connectors 664
  24.2.3.1 Through-hole interconnects 664
  24.2.3.2 Press-fit interconnects 665
  24.2.3.3 Surface mounted interconnects 665
  24.2.3.4 End-launch RF connectors 666
  24.2.4 Card edge design 667
  24.2.4.1 Card outline 667
  24.2.4.2 Two-sided card copper layers 668
  24.2.4.3 Bilevel card copper layers 669
  24.3 Qualification testing 669
  24.3.1 Electrical qualification testing 670
  24.3.1.1 Contact resistance test 670
  24.3.1.2 Contact current and temperature test 670
  24.3.1.3 Hipot connector testing 670
  24.3.1.4 RF connector testing 670
  24.3.2 Mechanical qualification testing 670
  24.3.2.1 Vibration tests 670
  24.3.2.2 Environmental tests 671
  24.3.2.3 Wire/cable pull tests 671
  Chapter 25 Assembly 673
  25.1 Chapter introduction 673
  25.1.1 Chapter orientation 673
  25.2 General tips 673
  25.2.1 Interconnect procurement 673
  25.2.2 Test fixtures for cable assemblies 674
  25.2.3 Manufacturing standards 674
  25.3 Wire/cable preparation, termination 674
  25.3.1 Wire cutting and stripping 674
  25.3.1.1 Manual wire cutting 674
  25.3.1.2 Manual wire stripping 675
  25.3.1.3 Wire-cutting and stripping machine 675
  25.3.2 Wire soldering 676
  25.3.2.1 Soldering safety 676
  25.3.2.2 Wire tinning 676
  25.3.2.3 Tall-wall solder cups 677
  25.3.2.4 Flush-top solder cups 677
  25.3.2.5 Bifurcated terminals 678
  25.3.2.6 Slotted terminals 678
  25.3.2.7 Solder eyelets 678
  25.3.2.8 Turrets 679
  25.3.2.9 Common solder inspection items 679
  25.3.3 Wire crimping 679
  25.3.3.1 Crimping tools 680
  25.3.3.2 Crimping tips 680
  25.3.3.3 Open barrel crimp 681
  25.3.3.4 Closed barrel crimp 682
  25.3.3.5 Insulated barrel crimp 682
  25.3.3.6 Ferrule crimp 683
  25.3.3.7 Punch-down blocks 683
  25.3.4 Other permanent wire terminations 684
  25.3.4.1 Ultrasonic welding 684
  25.3.4.2 Wire wrapping 684
  25.3.5 Wire termination to a screw 684
  25.3.5.1 Stripped wire termination to a plain screw 684
  25.3.5.2 Ring terminal termination to a plain screw 685
  25.3.5.3 Fork terminal termination to a plain screw 685
  25.3.5.4 Wire termination to a captive-plate screw 685
  25.3.6 Wire termination to a clamp 685
  25.3.6.1 Wire clamp termination 685
  25.3.7 Wire termination to a wire cage 686
  25.3.7.1 Stripped wire termination to a cage 686
  25.3.7.2 Poke-in termination 686
  25.3.7.3 Terminal in a wire cage 686
  25.3.8 Wire termination protection 686
  25.3.8.1 Heat shrink tubing 686
  25.3.8.2 Regular tubing 687
  25.3.9 Cable preparation 687
  25.3.9.1 Control cable preparation 687
  25.3.9.2 Braided shield cable preparation 687
  25.3.9.3 Foil shield cable preparation 687
  25.4 PCB and panel mount 688
  25.4.1 PCB-mount 688
  25.4.1.1 Through-hole manufacturing 688
  25.4.1.2 Surface mount manufacturing 688
  25.4.1.3 Conformal coating 688
  25.4.1.4 Module potting 688
  25.4.1.5 Press-fit manufacturing 688
  25.4.2 Panel mounting 689
  25.4.2.1 Flush-panel mounting 689
  25.4.2.2 Through-panel mounting 689
  25.5 Interconnect assembly 689
  25.5.1 Terminal termination 689
  25.5.1.1 Broaching fastener installation 689
  25.5.2 Wire splice termination 689
  25.5.2.1 Crimp wire splices 690
  25.5.2.2 IDT wire splices 690
  25.5.2.3 Solder wire splices 691
  25.5.2.4 Poke-in wire splices 691
  25.5.2.5 Lever wire splices 691
  25.5.3 AC power wiring termination 692
  25.5.3.1 Grounding compression splice 692
  25.5.3.2 Tubular compression lugs 692
  25.5.3.3 Splicing mechanical connectors 692
  25.5.3.4 Grounding mechanical connectors 693
  25.5.3.5 AC power bars 693
  25.5.3.6 Waterproof cable junctions 693
  25.5.4 Junction and barrier block termination 694
  25.5.4.1 Junction post, feedthrough 694
  25.5.4.2 Junction bar 694
  25.5.4.3 Wire to captive-plate panel-mount barrier block 694
  25.5.4.4 Terminal to PCB barrier block 695
  25.5.5 Terminal block termination 695
  25.5.5.1 Feedthrough terminal blocks 695
  25.5.5.2 PCB terminal blocks 696
  25.5.5.3 Pluggable terminal blocks 696
  25.5.5.4 Rail-mount terminal block 696
  25.5.6 Board-in interconnect termination 697
  25.5.6.1 Board-in wire terminal 697
  25.5.6.2 Board-in crimp terminator 699
  25.5.6.3 Board-in IDT PCB terminals 699
  25.5.6.4 Open board-in IDT blocks 700
  25.5.6.5 Board-in button IDT blocks 700
  25.5.6.6 Mass-terminated board-in IDT blocks 701
  25.5.6.7 Board-in IDT terminators 701
  25.5.6.8 Direct ribbon cable termination to a PCB 702
  25.5.6.9 Transition connector 702
  25.5.6.10 Ribbon cable socket or wire trap 703
  25.5.7 Device sockets assembly 703
  25.5.7.1 Fuse sockets 703
  25.5.7.2 Cell and battery sockets 703
  25.5.7.3 Semiconductor sockets 703
  25.5.7.4 Computer card sockets 703
  25.5.7.5 Card edge sockets 703
  25.5.7.6 FFC sockets 704
  25.5.8 Compression interconnects assembly 704
  25.5.8.1 Spring-loaded interconnects 704
  25.5.8.2 Test fixture probes 705
  25.5.8.3 RedFit SKEDD plugs 705
  25.5.8.4 SKEDD terminal blocks 705
  25.5.8.5 Elastomeric (Zebra) strips 705
  25.5.8.6 Single-piece mezzanine interposers 705
  25.5.9 Shroudless strips assembly 705
  25.5.9.1 Shroudless strip plug assembly 705
  25.5.10 Rectangular connector assembly 706
  25.5.10.1 Small wire-to-board crimp plug 706
  25.5.10.2 Rectangular IDT plugs 706
  25.5.10.3 RAST plug 707
  25.5.10.4 Prismatic plug 707
  25.5.10.5 Connectors with round contacts 707
  25.5.10.6 Bump IDC plug 708
  25.5.10.7 JAE MX34 automotive plug termination 709
  25.5.10.8 Molex MX150L automotive plug termination 709
  25.5.10.9 Deutsch automotive plug termination 710
  25.5.10.10 Sealed automotive plug termination 710
  25.5.10.11 Pull-to-seat plug termination 711
  25.5.10.12 Automotive plug mating/unmating 711
  25.5.10.13 RC model plug 711
  25.5.11 Single-circuit connectors assembly 711
  25.5.11.1 Banana plug termination 711
  25.5.11.2 Unipole connector termination 712
  25.5.11.3 Anderson PowerPole termination 712
  25.5.11.4 Camlock termination 712
  25.5.12 Concentric connector assembly 712
  25.5.12.1 Phone plug termination 712
  25.5.12.2 Coaxial barrel power plug termination 713
  25.5.12.3 Zip-cord to a coaxial barrel power plug 713
  25.5.12.4 Phono plug termination 714
  25.5.13 Coax connector assembly 714
  25.5.13.1 Miniature coax cable-to-board mating/unmating 714
  25.5.13.2 Low-power coaxial cable termination 714
  25.5.13.3 Coax connector mating 716
  25.5.13.4 Coax connector unmating 717
  25.5.13.5 High-power coax cable termination, testing 717
  25.5.14 Circular connector assembly 717
  25.5.14.1 Circular connector, fixed contacts 717
  25.5.14.2 Circular connector, insertable contacts 718
  25.5.14.3 DIN plug termination 718
  25.5.14.4 XLR plug termination 719
  25.5.15 Exterior signal connector assembly 719
  25.5.15.1 Modular plug termination 719
  25.5.15.2 Control cable to a D-sub connector 720
  25.5.15.3 Ribbon cable to a D-shell plug 720
  25.5.16 Exterior power connector termination 721
  25.5.16.1 AC power plug termination 721
  25.5.16.2 Pin and sleeve plug termination 721
  25.5.16.3 Anderson SB termination 722
  25.5.17 Industrial connector assembly 722
  25.5.17.1 Termination to a heavy-duty plug 722
  25.5.17.2 Heavy-duty crimp assembly 723
  25.5.17.3 Heavy-duty base assembly 723
  Chapter 26 Maintenance 724
  26.1 Chapter introduction 724
  26.2 Connector maintenance 724
  26.2.1 Regular maintenance 724
  26.2.1.1 Coax connector maintenance 724
  26.2.2 Lubrication 725
  26.2.2.1 Shroud lubrication 725
  26.2.2.2 Contact lubrication 725
  26.3 Repair 725
  26.3.1 Connector repair 725
  26.3.1.1 Repair tools 725
  26.3.1.2 Consumer product receptacle repair 726
  26.3.1.3 Crimped contact repair 727
  26.3.1.4 FFC/FPC socket repair 727
  26.3.1.5 Elastomeric strip repair 727
  26.3.1.6 Card edge repair 727
  26.3.2 Contact extraction 727
  26.3.2.1 Shroudless and prismatic plug contact extraction 727
  26.3.2.2 Single-wall plug contact extraction 727
  26.3.2.3 Low-profile plug contact extraction 728
  26.3.2.4 Round contact extraction 728
  26.3.2.5 CPC CMC connector contact extraction 728
  26.3.2.6 Mini fit plug contact extraction 728
  26.3.2.7 Automotive plug contact extraction 728
  26.3.2.8 D-sub contact extraction 729
  26.3.2.9 Quick-connect extraction 730
  26.3.2.10 Coax plug center contact extraction 730
  26.3.2.11 Anderson genderless contact extraction 730
  26.3.2.12 NEMA AC power contact extraction 730
  26.3.2.13 Heavy-duty connector contact extraction 730
  26.3.3 Cable assembly repair 730
  26.3.3.1 Data I/O plug, cable repair 731
  26.3.3.2 AD adapter cord repair 731
  26.3.3.3 FFC repair 731
  26.3.3.4 FPC repair 731
  26.4 Modification 731
  26.4.1 Wrong connector 731
  26.4.1.1 Wrong battery cable connector 731
  26.4.1.2 Wrong display cable connector 731
  26.4.1.3 Wrong USB cable 731
  26.4.1.4 Wrong bus cable connectors 731
  26.4.2 Cable modification 731
  26.4.2.1 Interior cable extension 732
  26.4.2.2 FFC reduction 732
  26.4.3 Connector creation 732
 
  A Appendix 733
  A.1 Behind the scenes 733
  A.1.1 Classification challenges 733
  A.1.2 Naming challenges 733
  A.1.2.1 Naming characteristics 733
  A.1.2.2 Naming interconnects 733
  A.1.2.3 Sexism in connector terminology 734
  A.1.2.4 Racism in connector terminology 734
  A.2 Conductors for termination 734
  A.2.1 Wire 734
  A.2.1.1 Bus wire 735
  A.2.1.2 Hook-up wire 735
  A.2.1.3 Wire colors 735
  A.2.1.4 Litz wire 735
  A.2.1.5 Building wire 735
  A.2.1.6 Battery and welding cable 735
  A.2.1.7 Application-specific wire 735
  A.2.1.8 Magnet wire 736
  A.2.1.9 Braid 736
  A.2.2 Cable 736
  A.2.2.1 Control cable 736
  A.2.2.2 Control cable colors 736
  A.2.2.3 Shielded cable 736
  A.2.2.4 Portable cord 737
  A.2.2.5 Building cable 737
  A.2.2.6 Zip cord 737
  A.2.2.7 Flat telephone cable 738
  A.2.2.8 Ribbon cable 738
  A.2.2.9 Flexible Flat Cable (FFC) 738
  A.2.2.10 Flat cables and flex circuits comparison 739
  A.2.3 Coaxial cable 740
  A.2.3.1 Standard coaxial cable 740
  A.2.3.2 Specialty coaxial cable 740
  A.2.3.3 High power coaxial cable 741
  A.2.4 Boards 741
  A.2.4.1 Plain boards 741
  A.2.4.2 Copper-clad boards 741
  A.2.4.3 Perfboards 742
  A.2.4.4 Solderless breadboards 742
  A.2.4.5 Printed Circuit Boards 742
  A.2.4.6 Flexible Printed Circuits (FPC) 743
  A.2.4.7 Conductive Ink Circuit (CIC) 743
  A.2.4.8 Etched copper jumpers (ECJ) 743
  A.2.5 Other conductors 743
  A.2.5.1 Metal fasteners 744
  A.3 Custom connectors 744
  A.3.1 Full-custom connectors 744
  A.3.2 Semi-custom connectors 745
  A.4 Resources 745
  Acronyms and initialisms 746
  Glossary and alphabetical index 749
  References 780