"The electronic connector book" - A book by Davide Andrea

Table of Contents
Preface xxi
Part A - Understanding Interconnects xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction i
1.1 Chapter Introduction i
1.1.1 Tidbits i
1.2 Book Orientation i
1.2.1 Interconnect Definition i
1.2.2 Book Parts i
1.2.3 How To Use This Book 2
1.2.4 Beyond This Book 2
1.3 History 2
1.3.1 Milestones 3
1.3.2 The pioneers - 1870s to 1920s 3
1.3.2.1 The innovators - 1930s to 1950s 4
1.3.2.2 The optimizers - 1960s to today 5
1.3.2.3 The future 5
1.3.3 Evolution Timeline 5
1.4 FAQ 6
1.4.1 Why So Many Damn Connectors? 7
1.4.2 Can You Help Me Make a Computer Cable? 7
1.4.3 How Do I Repair This Connector? 7
1.4.4 What Is The Weirdest Connector You Have Seen? 7
1.4.5 What Is The Funniest Connector You Have Seen? 8
1.5 Interconnect Classification 8
1.5.1 Manufacturer, Vendor, End User Classification 8
1.5.2 Drawing From Linnaean Taxonomy 9
1.5.3 Classes Of Interconnects 10
Chapter 2 Interconnect Characterization xiii
2.1 Chapter Introduction xiii
2.1.1 Tidbits xiii
2.1.2 International Glossary xiii
2.1.3 Chapter Orientation 18
2.2 Terminology 21
2.2.1 Misused Or Misunderstood Terms 21
2.2.1.1 Male, female, hermaphrodite, genderless 22
2.2.1.2 Hermaphrodite, genderless, self-mating 22
2.2.1.3 Plugs and jacks 23
2.2.1.4 Socket 24
2.2.1.5 Receptacle 25
2.2.1.6 Wire, cable, harness, cord, cable assembly 25
2.2.1.7 Ribbon cable, FFC, FPC 26
2.2.1.8 Port vs. connector 27
2.2.2 Poorly Defined And Missing Terms 27
2.2.2.1 Inconsistently Used Terms 27
2.2.2.2 Misappropriated names 28
2.2.2.3 Missing terms 28
2.3 Main Attributes 29
2.3.1 Access 30
2.3.1.1 Exterior interconnects 30
2.3.1.2 Interior interconnects 30
2.3.2 Interconnect Structure 30
2.3.2.1 Removable And Permanent Termination 30
2.3.2.2 Separable and inseparable connection 31
2.3.2.3 Mating in family and out of family 31
2.3.2.4 Interconnect structure list 31
2.3.2.5 Non-electric 31
2.3.2.6 Inseparable, permanent 31
2.3.2.7 Inseparable, removable 32
2.3.2.8 Single mating face out of family 32
2.3.2.9 Two mating faces out of family 33
2.3.2.10 Single mating face in family 33
2.3.2.11 Two mating interfaces in family 33
2.3.3 Interconnection Topology 34
2.3.3.1 To-wire/cable topologies 35
2.3.3.2 Wire/cable-to-board topologies 35
2.3.3.3 Board-to-board topology 36
2.3.3.4 On-panel topologies 37
2.3.3.5 To-device topologies 38
2.3.3.6 Multiple interconnection topologies 38
2.3.4 Number Of Circuits 38
2.4 Termination And Mount Introduction 39
2.4.1 Termination Introduction 40
2.4.1.1 Termination definition 40
2.4.1.2 Termination examples 40
2.4.2 Mount Introduction 40
2.4.2.1 Mount definition 41
2.4.2.2 Loose connectors 41
2.4.2.3 In-line interconnects 41
2.4.2.4 Mounted interconnects 42
2.4.3 Contrast With Mating 42
2.5 Wire And Cable Termination 44
2.5.1 Wire And Cable Specifications 44
2.5.1.1 Wiring conductors 44
2.5.1.2 Wire specifications 44
2.5.1.3 Wire size 44
2.5.1.4 Aluminum and copper oxidation 45
2.5.1.5 Wire size color code 45
2.5.1.6 Cable specifications 45
2.5.1.7 Bus bar specifications 45
2.5.2 Wire And Cable Entry Orientation 46
2.5.2.1 Single-ended orientation for wire terminals 46
2.5.2.2 End-to-end wire orientation for splices 46
2.5.2.3 Wire-to-board orientations 46
2.5.2.4 Wire orientations for single-circuit plugs 47
2.5.2.5 Wire/cable orientations for multi-circuit plugs 47
2.5.2.6 Orientations for panel-mount receptacles 48
2.5.3 End-To-End Orientation 49
2.5.3.1 Cable-to-cable orientations 49
2.5.3.2 Cable-to-panel orientations 49
2.5.3.3 Cable-to-board orientations 49
2.5.4 Permanent Unstripped Wire/Cable Termination 51
2.5.4.1 Insulation displacement wire termination 51
2.5.4.2 FFC termination 51
2.5.4.3 Ribbon cable mass termination 52
2.5.5 Permanent Stripped Wire And Cable Termination 52
2.5.5.1 Wire crimping 52
2.5.5.2 Permanent poke-in termination 53
2.5.5.3 Soldering termination 53
2.5.5.4 Ultrasonic termination 53
2.5.5.5 Wire-wrap termination 53
2.5.5.6 Control cable termination 53
2.5.5.7 Coaxial cable termination 53
2.5.5.8 Permanent stripped ribbon cable term. 54
2.5.6 Removable Stripped Wire And Cable Termination 54
2.5.6.1 Wire cage termination 54
2.5.6.2 Twist termination 55
2.5.6.3 Screw termination 55
2.5.6.4 Clamp termination 55
2.5.6.5 Removable poke-in termination 55
2.5.6.6 Removable ribbon cable termination 55
2.5.7 Removable Unstripped Wire Termination 56
2.5.7.1 Insulation piercing 56
2.5.8 Wire Termination Arrangement 56
2.5.8.1 Termination points per circuit 56
2.5.8.2 Wire termination pattern 56
2.5.8.3 Termination pitch 57
2.5.8.4 Termination rows 57
2.5.9 Insertable Contacts 58
2.5.9.1 Insertable contact installation 58
2.5.9.2 Wire entry sealing 58
2.5.9.3 Terminal Position Assurance (TPA) 58
2.5.9.4 Contact extraction 59
2.6 PCB Mount And Termination 60
2.6.1 PCB Termination Technology 60
2.6.1.1 Through-Hole Mount 60
2.6.1.2 Surface-mount 60
2.6.1.3 Surface and through-hole mount 61
2.6.1.4 Press-fit mount 61
2.6.2 PCB Terminal Arrangement 62
2.6.2.1 PCB terminal pattern 62
2.6.2.2 PCB terminal pitch 62
2.6.2.3 PCB terminal rows 62
2.6.3 PCB Mount Orientation 62
2.6.3.1 Straight connectors 63
2.6.3.2 Bottom entry connectors 64
2.6.3.3 Through-board headers 64
2.6.3.4 Over-board connectors 64
2.6.3.5 Right-angle connectors 64
2.6.3.6 Tower connectors 65
2.6.3.7 Under-board connectors 65
2.6.3.8 Straddle-mount connectors 65
2.6.3.9 End-launch connectors 65
2.6.3.10 Cutout-mount connectors 66
2.6.3.11 Angled connectors 66
2.7 Other Mounts And Terminations 67
2.7.1 Panel Mount 67
2.7.1.1 On-panel mount 67
2.7.1.2 Bulkhead mount 67
2.7.1.3 Rail mount 68
2.7.1.4 Float panel mount 68
2.7.1.5 Right-angle panel mount 68
2.7.1.6 To-panel mount 69
2.7.1.7 Panel mount grounding, isolation 69
2.7.1.8 Panel-mount second termination 69
2.7.1.9 Panel sealing 69
2.7.2 Other Mounts 70
2.8 Mating Introduction 70
2.8.1 Mating Definition 70
2.8.2 Mating Characteristics 70
2.9 Contacts 71
2.9.1 Contact Gender 71
2.9.1.1 Contact gender definition 71
2.9.1.2 Contact gender match 72
2.9.1.3 Male contacts 73
2.9.1.4 Female contacts 73
2.9.1.5 Hermaphrodite contacts 74
2.9.1.6 Genderless contacts 75
2.9.2 Contact Characteristics 75
2.9.2.1 Contact sizes 75
2.9.2.2 Contact manufacturing process 76
2.9.2.3 Contact materials 76
2.9.2.4 Thermocouple contacts 77
2.9.2.5 Contact point and contact wipe 78
2.9.2.6 Contact fretting 78
2.9.2.7 Contact lubrication 79
2.9.2.8 Contact pressure 79
2.9.3 Special Contact Functions 80
2.9.3.1 Differential pair contacts 80
2.9.3.2 Shield contacts 80
2.9.3.3 Power Earth contact 80
2.9.3.4 ZIF contacts 80
2.9.3.5 Antispark tip 80
2.10 Connector Gender And Arrangement 81
2.10.1 Connector Gender 81
2.10.1.1 Four connector genders 81
2.10.1.2 Gender-bending connectors 82
2.10.1.3 Why care about connector gender? 82
2.10.1.4 Tongue and groove 82
2.10.2 Contact Arrangement 83
2.10.2.1 Contact pattern 83
2.10.2.2 Position numbering 84
2.10.2.3 Mating pitch 84
2.10.2.4 Row spacing 85
2.10.2.5 Wide side 85
2.10.2.6 Blade orientation 85
2.10.2.7 Hybrid connectors 86
2.10.2.8 Mating, termination, PCB arrangements 86
2.11 Mating Face 87
2.11.1 Mating Face Shape And Size 87
2.11.1.1 Mating face shape 87
2.11.1.2 Mating sizes 87
2.11.2 Mating Face Surface 88
2.11.2.1 Stepped face 88
2.11.2.2 Partitioned face 88
2.11.2.3 Face protrusions 89
2.11.2.4 Mating face sealing 89
2.11.3 Shroud 89
2.11.3.1 Shrouded and enshrouded mate 90
2.11.3.2 Shroudless 90
2.11.3.3 Partial shroud 90
2.11.3.4 Full shroud 90
2.11.3.5 Self-mating shroud 91
2.12 Mates Compatibility 91
2.12.1 Connector Dimorphism 91
2.12.1.1 Dimorphism in all connectors 91
2.12.1.2 Dimorphism determination 92
2.12.2 Family Shroud Polarity 93
2.12.2.1 Gendered family shroud polarity 94
2.12.2.2 Reverse polarity 94
2.12.2.3 Hermaphrodite family shroud polarity 95
2.12.2.4 Genderless family shroud polarity 96
2.12.2.5 Plug, receptacle, and header gender 96
2.12.3 Polarization, Conforming, Keying, Coding 96
2.12.3.1 Polarization 97
2.12.3.2 Conforming 98
2.12.3.3 Keying 101
2.12.3.4 Coding 102
2.13 Mating 102
2.13.1 Mating And Unmating Action 102
2.13.1.1 Mating direction 102
2.13.1.2 Blind mating 103
2.13.1.3 Connector misalignment 103
2.13.1.4 Alignment features 103
2.13.1.5 Misalignment accommodation 103
2.13.1.6 Mated height 104
2.13.1.7 Insertion, retention, and extraction forces 105
2.13.2 Multiple Mating Interfaces 106
2.13.2.1 Single-face connectors for multiple mates 106
2.13.2.2 Multi-standard receptacles 107
2.13.2.3 Connectors with multiple mating faces 107
2.13.2.4 Connectors with two mating options 107
2.14 Fastening 107
2.14.1 Fastening Introduction 107
2.14.1.1 Fastening Methods 107
2.14.1.2 Latched mate 110
2.14.1.3 Latch location 111
2.14.2 Unlatched 111
2.14.2.1 Compression 111
2.14.2.2 Friction fastening 111
2.14.2.3 Snap-on fastening 112
2.14.2.4 Magnetic fastening 112
2.14.3 Self-Latching 112
2.14.3.1 Self-latching, lever release 112
2.14.3.2 Self-latching contact 113
2.14.3.3 Ejector latching 113
2.14.3.4 Self-latching, slide release 114
2.14.3.5 Self-latching, twist ring release 114
2.14.3.6 Self-latching, button release 114
2.14.3.7 Inertia latching 115
2.14.3.8 Connector position assurance (CPA) 115
2.14.4 Manual Latching 115
2.14.4.1 Contact twist fastening 115
2.14.4.2 Threaded ring fastening 116
2.14.4.3 Screw fastening 116
2.14.4.4 Spring fastening 116
2.14.4.5 Clip ring fastening 116
2.14.4.6 Lever fastening 116
2.14.4.7 Buckle latch fastening 116
2.14.5 Coupling 116
2.14.5.1 Bayonet coupling 116
2.14.5.2 Thread coupling 117
2.14.5.3 Thread vs. bayonet comparison 119
2.14.5.4 Cam coupling 119
2.14.5.5 Screw coupling 120
2.14.5.6 Spindle coupling 120
2.14.6 Locking 120
2.15 Housing 120
2.15.1 Interconnect Parts 120
2.15.2 Housing Materials 120
2.15.2.1 Insulation housing materials 120
2.15.2.2 Metal shell materials 120
2.15.2.3 Latch materials 121
2.15.2.4 Gaskets and seals 121
2.15.3 Sealing 121
2.15.3.1 Insertable contact sealing 121
2.15.3.2 Cable entry sealing 121
2.15.3.3 Mating face sealing 122
2.15.3.4 Panel sealing 123
2.15.3.5 Hermetic sealing 123
2.15.4 Housing Color 123
2.15.5 Plug Cable Entry 124
2.15.5.1 Cable entry support, retention 124
2.15.5.2 Cable shielding 124
2.15.6 Multiple Parts Connectors 124
2.15.6.1 Vertically stackable connectors 124
2.15.6.2 End-stackable connectors 124
2.15.6.3 Interlocking connectors 125
2.15.6.4 Configurable connectors 125
2.15.6.5 Configurable frames 125
2.15.7 Integrated Components Connectors 126
2.15.7.1 Filtered connectors 126
2.15.7.2 Integrated magnetics connectors 126
2.15.7.3 LED status connectors 126
2.15.7.4 Integrated transducer fiber optic connector 126
2.16 Ratings 126
2.16.1 Clarifications Of Ratings 127
2.16.1.1 Rating definition 127
2.16.1.2 Each rating is independent of the others 127
2.16.1.3 Contacts carry current, not power 127
2.16.1.4 Voltage x current is not contact power 127
2.16.2 DC Characteristics For A Single Circuit 127
2.16.2.1 Connection resistance 128
2.16.2.2 Mating cycles 128
2.16.2.3 Voltage drop and contact resistance 129
2.16.2.4 Temperature rise 129
2.16.2.5 Current rating and derating 129
2.16.3 DC Characteristics Across Circuits 129
2.16.3.1 Insulation resistance 130
2.16.3.2 Operating voltage 130
2.16.3.3 Dielectric withstand voltage 130
2.16.4 AC Characteristics 131
2.16.4.1 dB 132
2.16.4.2 Characteristic impedance 132
2.16.4.3 Reflection coefficient, Return loss, VSWR 133
2.16.4.4 Insertion loss 133
2.16.4.5 Cutoff frequency 133
2.16.4.6 Passive Intermodulation 134
2.16.4.7 Inter-capacitance and cross-talk 134
2.16.4.8 High-speed characteristics 134
2.16.4.9 Shielding 135
2.16.5 Environmental 135
2.16.5.1 Operating temperature 135
2.16.5.2 Flammability rating 135
2.16.5.3 Firewall rating 135
2.16.5.4 Altitude 135
2.16.5.5 Harsh environments 135
2.16.5.6 IP rating 135
2.17 Standards And Application 136
2.17.1 Industry-Standard, Proprietary, And Custom 136
2.17.1.1 Industry-standard connectors 136
2.17.1.2 Standards institutes and organizations 136
2.17.2 Regulatory Certifications 137
2.17.2.1 Safety certifications 137
2.17.2.2 Performance certifications 137
2.17.2.3 Industry-specific certifications 137
2.17.3 Application 138
2.18 Availability 138
2.18.1 Region 138
2.18.2 Obsolescence 138
Chapter 3 Identification And Selection cxxxix
3.1 Chapter Introduction cxxxix
3.1.1 Tidbits cxxxix
3.1.2 Chapter Orientation cxxxix
3.2 Identification Process cxxxix
3.2.1 Identification Through The Identiconn cxxxix
3.2.1.1 Quick pick 140
3.2.1.2 Quick filter 140
3.2.1.3 Navigate by type 141
3.2.1.4 Filter by characteristics 141
3.2.2 Identification Through This Book 142
3.2.2.1 Flowchart search in this book 142
3.2.2.2 Term search in this book 142
3.2.2.3 Picture search in this book 143
3.2.3 Identification With Online Resources 145
3.2.3.1 Distributors' websites 145
3.2.3.2 Search engines 145
3.2.3.3 Picture search 145
3.2.4 Identification By Experts 145
3.2.4.1 Common identification items 145
3.2.4.2 Test interconnect identification items 146
3.2.4.3 Terminal identification items 146
3.2.4.4 Wire splice identification items 146
3.2.4.5 Wiring interconnect identification items 146
3.2.4.6 Junction and barrier blocks identification items 146
3.2.4.7 Terminal block identification items 146
3.2.4.8 Board-in interconnects identification items 147
3.2.4.9 Device socket identification items 147
3.2.4.10 Compression interconnect identification items 148
3.2.4.11 Shroudless strip identification items 148
3.2.4.12 Rectangular connector identification items 148
3.2.4.13 Single-circuit connectors identification items 149
3.2.4.14 Concentric connectors identification items 149
3.2.4.15 Coax connectors identification items 149
3.2.4.16 Circular connectors identification items 149
3.2.4.17 Exterior signal identification items 150
3.2.4.18 Exterior power identification items 150
3.2.4.19 Industrial identification items 150
3.2.5 Buying An Identified Interconnect 150
3.3 Ways To Select An Interconnect 151
3.3.1 Select By Asking The Experts 151
3.3.2 Select Through Online Tools 151
3.3.2.1 Manufacturer and distributors sites 151
3.3.2.2 Identiconn 151
3.3.3 Select By Attributes In This Book 151
3.4 Selection By Main Attributes 152
3.4.1 Main Attribute Solutions 152
3.4.1.1 Selection by access 152
3.4.1.2 Selection by mating structure 152
3.4.1.3 Selection by circuits 152
3.4.1.4 Selection by topology 152
3.4.2 Wire-To-Wire Solutions 153
3.4.2.1 Wire-to-wire, direct 153
3.4.2.2 Single wires, one-piece 153
3.4.2.3 Single-wire connectors 155
3.4.2.4 Multi-wire connectors 156
3.4.3 Cable-To-Cable/Wire Solutions 157
3.4.3.1 Single-piece cable solutions 157
3.4.3.2 Control cable connectors 157
3.4.3.3 Connectors for other types of cable 158
3.4.4 Wire-To-Board Solutions 159
3.4.4.1 Direct wire-to-board 159
3.4.4.2 Single-piece wire-to-board 159
3.4.4.3 Two- piece wire-to-board 160
3.4.4.4 Wire-to-board connectors 161
3.4.5 Cable-To-Board Solutions 161
3.4.5.1 Direct-to-PCB cable-to-board soldering 162
3.4.5.2 Hot bar bonding, ACF, flex-on-board 162
3.4.5.3 Single-piece cable-to-board 163
3.4.5.4 Cable-to-board connectors 163
3.4.6 Board-To-Board Solutions 165
3.4.6.1 Parallel board-to-board solutions 165
3.4.6.2 Perpendicular board-to-board solutions 170
3.4.6.3 Coplanar board-to-board solutions 172
3.4.6.4 Orthogonal board-to-board solutions 173
3.4.6.5 Tilted board-to-board solutions 174
3.4.7 Solutions For Other Connections 174
3.4.7.1 Wire-to-panel 174
3.4.7.2 Board-to-panel 175
3.4.7.3 Other conductors 175
3.5 Selection By Secondary Attributes 175
3.5.1 Interconnects That Mate To Devices 175
3.5.2 Selection By Termination And Mount 176
3.5.2.1 Cable termination 176
3.5.2.2 Wire termination 176
3.5.2.3 PCB mount 177
3.5.2.4 Panel mount 177
3.5.3 Selection By Features 177
3.5.3.1 Housing features 178
3.5.3.2 Mating face features 178
3.5.3.3 Fastening features 178
3.6 Selection By Application 178
3.6.1 Consumer Products 178
3.6.1.1 Home appliances 178
3.6.1.2 Audio and video, exterior 179
3.6.1.3 Speakers 179
3.6.1.4 Power tool batteries 179
3.6.1.5 RC models 180
3.6.1.6 Small batteries 180
3.6.1.7 AC adapters, chargers 181
3.6.1.8 Musical instruments 181
3.6.2 Solid-State Lighting 181
3.6.2.1 LED strips 181
3.6.2.2 LED panels 182
3.6.2.3 LED lamps 182
3.6.2.4 LED power supplies 182
3.6.2.5 Flat panel backlight connectors 183
3.6.3 Computing Devices 183
3.6.3.1 Exterior connectors 183
3.6.3.2 Interior connectors, desktop computer 183
3.6.3.3 Interior connectors, laptop computer 184
3.6.3.4 Interior connectors, tablet computer 184
3.6.4 Vehicles, Transportation 185
3.6.4.1 Small EVs 185
3.6.4.2 Passenger vehicles 185
3.6.4.3 Other land vehicles 185
3.6.4.4 Marine vessels 185
3.6.4.5 Aviation 186
3.6.5 Premises Wiring 186
3.6.5.1 Utility-level power wiring 186
3.6.5.2 Residential AC power wiring 186
3.6.5.3 High-current DC wiring 187
3.6.5.4 Solar power 187
3.6.5.5 Low-current DC wiring 187
3.6.5.6 Telephone land line 188
3.6.6 Professional Applications 188
3.6.6.1 Industrial 188
3.6.6.2 Card cages, module crates, and racks 189
3.6.6.3 Stage, public address, and broadcast 192
3.6.6.4 Test equipment and fixtures 192
3.6.6.5 Information Technology 193
3.6.6.6 Telecom base station 193
3.6.6.7 Extraction industry 193
3.6.6.8 Wearable radios 193
3.6.6.9 Security cameras 193
3.6.6.10 Medical 194
3.6.7 Environment 194
3.6.7.1 Electromagnetic radiation 194
3.6.7.2 Harsh environment, water 194
3.6.7.3 Vibration 195
3.6.7.4 Salt water spray 195
3.6.7.5 Immersion 195
3.6.7.6 Vacuum 196
3.6.7.7 Mud and dirt 196
3.6.7.8 Direct burial 196
3.6.7.9 Nuclear radiation 196
3.6.7.10 Explosive, fire 196
3.6.8 High Voltage, Current, Speed 196
3.6.8.1 High voltage rating 196
3.6.8.2 High-speed operation 197
3.6.8.3 High current rating 197
Part B - Interconnects Catalog cxcix
Chapter 4 Test Interconnects cci
4.1 Chapter Introduction cci
4.1.1 Tidbits cci
4.1.2 History Of Test Interconnects cci
4.1.3 International Glossary 202
4.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 203
4.1.4.1 Test interconnects selection 203
4.1.4.2 Other classes related to test interconnects 203
4.1.5 Chapter Orientation 203
4.2 Handheld Probes 204
4.2.1 Meter Probes 204
4.2.2 Scope Probes 204
4.3 Test Clips 204
4.3.1 Alligators, Crocodiles, Clamps 204
4.3.1.1 Crocodile clip 205
4.3.1.2 Alligator clip 205
4.3.1.3 Piercing crocodile clip 206
4.3.1.4 Five-way alligator clip 206
4.3.1.5 Test clamp 206
4.3.2 Grabber Clips 206
4.3.3 Test Fixture Grabbers 207
4.3.3.1 Hook test fixture grabbers 207
4.3.3.2 Piercing test fixture grabbers 207
4.3.4 IC Clips 208
Chapter 5 Terminals ccix
5.1 Chapter Introduction ccix
5.1.1 Tidbits ccix
5.1.2 History Of Terminals ccix
5.1.3 International Glossary ccix
5.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 210
5.1.5 Chapter Orientation 211
5.2 Wire Terminals 212
5.2.1 Tongue Crimp Terminals 212
5.2.1.1 Ring terminals 213
5.2.1.2 Slotted ring terminals 213
5.2.1.3 Fork terminals 213
5.2.1.4 Hook terminals 213
5.2.2 Wire Terminals For Wire Cages 213
5.2.2.1 Advantages of termination for wire cages 214
5.2.2.2 Wire ferrules 215
5.2.2.3 Wire pin terminals 215
5.2.2.4 Blade terminals 215
5.2.2.5 Knife terminals 215
5.2.2.6 Speaker pins 215
5.2.3 Misc. Wire Terminals 216
5.2.3.1 Wire socket terminals 216
5.2.3.2 Grounding wire terminals 216
5.2.3.3 Magnet wire terminals 216
5.3 Board Terminals 217
5.3.1 Board Screw/Threaded Terminals 217
5.3.1.1 Swaged screw terminals 217
5.3.1.2 Through-hole screw terminals 217
5.3.1.3 SMD threaded terminals 217
5.3.1.4 Press-fit threaded terminals 217
5.3.1.5 Wire-cage PCB terminals 218
5.3.1.6 Broaching PCB fasteners 218
5.3.2 Board Pins And Posts 218
5.3.2.1 Pins and posts 218
5.3.2.2 Turrets 219
5.3.2.3 Test points 220
5.3.3 Board Sockets 220
5.3.3.1 Machined socket terminals 220
5.3.3.2 Formed socket terminals 220
5.4 Other Mount Terminals 220
5.4.1.1 Binding posts 221
5.4.2 Loose Terminals 221
5.4.3 Solder Lugs 222
5.4.4 Foil Terminals 222
Chapter 6 Wire splices ccxxiii
6.1 Chapter Introduction ccxxiii
6.1.1 Tidbits ccxxiii
6.1.2 History Of Wire Splices ccxxiii
6.1.3 International Glossary 224
6.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 224
6.1.4.1 Wire splice selection 224
6.1.4.2 Classes related to wire splices 225
6.1.5 Chapter Orientation 225
6.2 Technical Notes, Wire Splices 225
6.2.1 Wire Splice Types 226
6.2.1.1 Permanent vs removable splices 226
6.2.1.2 Joint vs. tap splices 226
6.2.1.3 Aluminum and copper 226
6.2.1.4 Splice kits 226
6.2.2 Wire Splice Characteristics 226
6.2.2.1 Number of wire entries 226
6.2.2.2 Number of wires per entry 226
6.2.2.3 Wire direction 227
6.3 Catalog Of Splices 227
6.3.1 Insulation Displacement Splices 227
6.3.1.1 Button IDT splices 227
6.3.1.2 Side-by-side IDT splices 228
6.3.1.3 Hinged-cap IDT splices 228
6.3.2 Crimp splices 228
6.3.2.1 Butt crimp splices 228
6.3.2.2 Parallel splices, crimp sleeves 229
6.3.2.3 Crimp band splices 229
6.3.2.4 Cap crimp splices 229
6.3.2.5 B-wire piercing splices 229
6.3.2.6 Multi-way splices 229
6.3.3 Solder Splices 230
6.3.3.1 Wire solder splices 230
6.3.3.2 Coaxial cable splices 230
6.3.4 Poke-In Splices 230
6.3.4.1 Permanent poke-in splices 230
6.3.4.2 Removable poke-in splices 230
6.3.5 Lever Splices 230
6.3.5.1 Single-end lever splices 231
6.3.5.2 In-line lever splices 231
6.3.6 Twist-On Splices (Wire Nuts) 231
Chapter 7 Wiring Interconnects ccxxxiii
7.1 Chapter Introduction ccxxxiii
7.1.1 Tidbits ccxxxiii
7.1.2 History Of Wiring Interconnects ccxxxiii
7.1.3 International Glossary 234
7.1.4 Chapter Orientation 234
7.2 Ac Power Wiring Interconnects 235
7.2.1 Ac Power Wiring Selection, Related Classes 235
7.2.1.1 Classes related to AC power interconnects 235
7.2.1.2 AC power wiring interconnects selection 235
7.2.2 Compression Interconnects 236
7.2.2.1 Tubular compression lugs 236
7.2.2.2 Grounding compression connectors 237
7.2.2.3 Compression connector 238
7.2.2.4 Aluminum compression adapters 238
7.2.3 Splicing Mechanical Connectors 238
7.2.3.1 In-line splicer/reducer 238
7.2.3.2 Shear bolt connectors 238
7.2.3.3 Split bolts 238
7.2.3.4 Parallel clamps 238
7.2.4 Grounding Mechanical Connectors 238
7.2.4.1 Ground rod clamps 238
7.2.4.2 Lay-in ground lugs 239
7.2.4.3 Ground lugs 239
7.2.5 Ac Wiring Bars 239
7.2.5.1 Insulated multi-tap connectors 239
7.2.5.2 Neutral bar 239
7.2.5.3 Ground bars 239
7.2.6 Bus Bars And Straps 239
7.2.6.1 Grounding bus bar 239
7.2.6.2 Jumper bus bar 240
7.2.6.3 Ground straps 240
7.3 Terminal Strips, Boards, Blocks 240
7.3.1 Solder Terminal Strips, Boards 240
7.3.1.1 Turret strips and boards 240
7.3.1.2 Solder terminal strips 240
7.3.1.3 Ceramic tag strips 241
7.3.2 Punch-Down Blocks 241
7.4 Thru-Panel Wiring Interconnects 241
7.4.1 Feedthrough Terminals 241
7.4.2 Multi-Circuit Feedthroughs And Penetrators 242
7.4.2.1 Subsea cable penetrators 242
7.4.2.2 Subsea feedthrough penetrators 242
7.4.2.3 Vacuum feedthroughs 242
7.5 Cable Junctions 242
7.5.1 Waterproof Cable Junctions 242
7.6 Board-To-Board Permanent Interconnects 243
7.6.1.1 Permanent board-to-board strips 243
7.6.1.2 Lead strips 243
Chapter 8 Junction And Barrier Blocks ccxlv
8.1 Chapter Introduction ccxlv
8.1.1 Tidbits ccxlv
8.1.2 History Of Junction And Barrier Blocks ccxlv
8.1.3 International Glossary 246
8.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 246
8.1.4.1 Junction and barrier block selection 246
8.1.4.2 Classes related to junction, barrier blocks 246
8.1.5 Chapter Orientation 247
8.2 Technical Notes Junction & Barrier Blocks 247
8.2.1 Barrier Vs. Junction Vs. Terminal Blocks 247
8.2.2 Termination To A Screw 247
8.2.2.1 Wire termination to a plain screw 248
8.2.2.2 Wire termination to a captive-plate screw 248
8.2.2.3 Tongue terminal termination 248
8.2.2.4 Quick-connect disconnect termination 248
8.2.3 Current Path 249
8.3 Catalog Of Junction And Barrier Blocks 249
8.3.1 Junction Interconnects 249
8.3.1.1 Junction posts 249
8.3.1.2 Junction feedthroughs 249
8.3.1.3 Junction blocks 250
8.3.1.4 Junction bars 250
8.3.2 Barrier Blocks 250
8.3.2.1 Panel-mount barrier blocks 251
8.3.2.2 Feedthrough barrier blocks 251
8.3.2.3 PCB barrier blocks 251
8.3.2.4 Barrier block accessories 252
8.4 Screw Terminal Strips And Boards 252
Chapter 9 Terminal Blocks ccliii
9.1 Chapter Introduction ccliii
9.1.1 Tidbits ccliii
9.1.2 History Of Terminal Blocks ccliii
9.1.3 International Glossary 254
9.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 254
9.1.4.1 Terminal block selection 255
9.1.4.2 Other classes related to terminal blocks 256
9.1.5 Chapter Orientation 256
9.2 Technical Notes, Terminal Blocks 257
9.2.1 Terminal Blocks For Specific Applications 257
9.2.1.1 Terminal blocks in AC power applications 257
9.2.1.2 Terminal blocks for thermocouples 257
9.2.2 Terminal Block Sizes 257
9.2.2.1 Variable length terminal blocks 258
9.2.2.2 Terminal block size notation 258
9.3 Panel Terminal Blocks 258
9.3.1 Tubular Terminal Strips, Blocks 258
9.3.1.1 Europa-style terminal strips 259
9.3.1.2 Pluggable Europa-style strips 260
9.3.1.3 Quick-spring terminal strips 260
9.3.1.4 Single-ended terminal strips 260
9.3.2 Panel-Mount Terminal Blocks 260
9.3.2.1 Modular panel-mount terminal blocks 260
9.3.2.2 US power distribution terminal blocks 261
9.3.2.3 EU power distribution terminal blocks 261
9.3.2.4 Monolithic panel-mount terminal blocks 261
9.3.3 Feedthrough Terminal Blocks 261
9.3.3.1 Modular, feedthrough terminal blocks 262
9.3.3.2 Monolithic feedthrough terminal blocks 263
9.3.4 Rail Mount Terminal Blocks 263
9.3.4.1 DIN rail terminal block mounting 263
9.3.4.2 Termination of rail-mounted blocks 264
9.3.4.3 Pitch of rail-mounted modular blocks 264
9.3.4.4 Types of rail-mounted terminal blocks 265
9.3.4.5 Rail-mounted terminal block accessories 266
9.3.4.6 Rail-mounted monoblocks 266
9.3.5 Transformer Terminal Blocks 267
9.4 PCB Terminal Blocks 267
9.4.1 PCB Terminal Block Characteristics 267
9.4.1.1 PCB terminal block wire termination 267
9.4.1.2 PCB terminal block wire entry 267
9.4.1.3 PCB terminal block pitch 268
9.4.1.4 PCB terminal block circuits and levels 268
9.5 Pluggable Terminal Blocks 269
9.5.1 Pluggable Terminal Block Characteristics 269
9.5.1.1 Pluggable terminal block gender 270
9.5.1.2 Pluggable plug wire entry orientation 270
9.5.1.3 Pluggable block header orientation 270
9.5.1.4 Pluggable terminal block rows, levels 270
9.5.1.5 Pluggable block polarization and coding 271
9.5.1.6 Pluggable terminal block fastening 272
9.5.2 Standard Pluggable Terminal Blocks 272
9.5.2.1 Pluggable terminal blocks, 2.5 mm 272
9.5.2.2 Pluggable terminal blocks, 3.5 mm 272
9.5.2.3 Pluggable terminal blocks, 3.81 mm 275
9.5.2.4 Pluggable terminal blocks, 5 mm 276
9.5.2.5 Pluggable terminal blocks, 5.08 mm 278
9.5.2.6 Pluggable terminal blocks, 7.5 mm 278
9.5.2.7 Pluggable terminal blocks 7.62mm 278
9.5.2.8 Large pluggable terminal blocks 279
9.5.3 Shroudless Pluggable Terminal Blocks 279
9.5.3.1 Standard shroudless pluggable blocks 279
9.5.3.2 Misc. shroudless terminal blocks 280
Chapter 10 Board-In Interconnects cclxxxi
10.1 Chapter Introduction cclxxxi
10.1.1 Tidbits cclxxxi
10.1.2 International Glossary cclxxxi
10.1.3 History Of Board-In Interconnects 282
10.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 282
10.1.4.1 Board-in interconnect classification 282
10.1.4.2 Board-in selection and related classes 282
10.1.4.3 Classes related to board-in interconnects 283
10.1.5 Chapter Orientation 283
10.2 Board-In Terminals 283
10.2.1 Board-In Wire Terminals 283
10.2.1.1 Permanent board-in wire terminals 283
10.2.1.2 Separable board-in wire terminals 284
10.2.2 Board-In Cable Terminals 284
10.2.2.1 Board-in FFC terminals 285
10.2.3 Board-In PCB Terminals 285
10.2.3.1 Poke-in board-in PCB terminals 285
10.2.3.2 IDT board-in PCB terminals 285
10.2.3.3 Solder board-in PCB terminals 285
10.2.3.4 Wire-wrap board-in PCB terminals 285
10.3 Board-In Wire Terminators And Blocks 286
10.3.1 Board-In Wire Terminators 286
10.3.1.1 Board-in crimp terminators 286
10.3.1.2 Board-in IDT terminators 286
10.3.2 Board-In Wire Blocks 286
10.3.2.1 Board-in open IDT blocks 286
10.3.2.2 Board-in button IDT blocks 287
10.3.2.3 Board-in mass-terminated blocks 287
10.3.2.4 Board-in poke-in blocks 287
10.3.2.5 Board-in solder strips 287
10.4 Board-in cable terminators and blocks 287
10.4.1 Board-In Ribbon Cable Terminators And Blocks 287
10.4.1.1 Transition connectors 288
10.4.1.2 Ribbon cable poke-in traps 288
10.4.2 Board-In Coaxial Cable Terminators And Blocks 288
10.4.2.1 Board-in coaxial cable terminators 288
10.4.2.2 Board-in coaxial cable blocks 288
Chapter 11 Device Sockets cclxxxix
11.1 Chapter Introduction cclxxxix
11.1.1 Tidbits cclxxxix
11.1.2 History Of Device Sockets cclxxxix
11.1.3 International Glossary 290
11.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 291
11.1.5 Chapter Orientation 291
11.2 Fuse Clips, Blocks, And Holders 292
11.2.1 Fuse Socket Terminology 292
11.2.1.1 Fuse blocks vs. fuse holders 292
11.2.1.2 Ferrule vs. cartridge fuse 292
11.2.2 Fuse Socket Considerations 293
11.2.2.1 Fuse socket types 293
11.2.2.2 Should fuses be placed in sockets? 293
11.2.2.3 Fuse replaceability vs. shock safety 294
11.2.2.4 Large fuses require sockets 294
11.2.2.5 Jury rigging a fuse block 294
11.2.2.6 Fuse thermal management 294
11.2.2.7 Fuse socket materials 294
11.2.2.8 Fuse failure / missing indicator 294
11.2.3 Fuse Socket Characteristics 294
11.2.3.1 Fuse and socket current ratings 294
11.2.3.2 Fuse and socket voltage ratings 295
11.2.3.3 Fuse and socket environmental ratings 295
11.2.3.4 Fuse and socket mechanical ratings 295
11.2.3.5 Fuse types and sizes 295
11.2.4 Fuse Socket Selection And Related Classes 296
11.2.4.1 Fuse socket selection guide 296
11.2.4.2 Classes related to fuse sockets 296
11.2.5 Small Ferrule Fuse Sockets 297
11.2.5.1 Ferrule fuse clips 297
11.2.5.2 Ferrule fuse blocks 298
11.2.5.3 In-line ferrule fuse holders 298
11.2.5.4 PCB ferrule fuse holders 298
11.2.5.5 Bulkhead ferrule fuse holders 299
11.2.5.6 Rail-mount ferrule fuse holders 299
11.2.6 Large Cartridge Fuse Sockets 299
11.2.6.1 Large ferrule fuse clips 299
11.2.6.2 Large cartridge fuse studs and lugs 299
11.2.6.3 Blade cartridge fuse blocks 300
11.2.7 Automotive Fuse Sockets 300
11.2.7.1 Automotive blade fuse sockets 300
11.2.7.2 Automotive prismatic fuse blocks 301
11.2.7.3 Automotive high current fuse sockets 301
11.2.8 Other Fuse Sockets 301
11.2.8.1 SMD brick fuse clips and blocks 301
11.2.8.2 Radial fuse blocks and holders 302
11.2.8.3 Edison base fuse blocks 302
11.2.8.4 Marine-rated battery fuse blocks 302
11.3 Cell, Battery Clips, Holders, Connectors 302
11.3.1 Cell And Battery Socket Considerations 303
11.3.1.1 Cell and battery types 303
11.3.1.2 Cell vs. battery 303
11.3.1.3 Protection from reverse installation 303
11.3.1.4 Custom battery holders 304
11.3.1.5 Li-ion safety concerns 304
11.3.1.6 Vehicle reliability concerns 304
11.3.2 Cell/Battery Socket Selection, Related Classes 304
11.3.2.1 Cell and battery socket selection guide 304
11.3.2.2 Classes related to cell and battery sockets 304
11.3.3 Cell And Battery Socket Catalog 304
11.3.3.1 Coin cell contacts, retainers, and holders 304
11.3.3.2 Cylindrical cell contacts and holders 305
11.3.3.3 9 V battery snaps, holders, connectors 306
11.3.3.4 12 V battery terminals 306
11.4 Semiconductor Sockets And Plugs 306
11.4.1 Semi Socket Selection, Related Classes 306
11.4.1.1 Semiconductor socket selection guide 306
11.4.1.2 Classes related to semiconductor sockets 306
11.4.2 Transistor Sockets 306
11.4.3 IC Sockets 307
11.4.3.1 DIP sockets 307
11.4.3.2 ZIF DIP sockets 308
11.4.3.3 SOIC ZIF sockets 308
11.4.3.4 PLCC sockets 308
11.4.3.5 TQFP ZIF sockets 309
11.4.3.6 Grid array IC ZIF sockets 309
11.4.3.7 Misc. sockets 309
11.4.4 DIP Plugs 310
11.4.4.1 DIP ribbon cable plugs 310
11.4.4.2 DIP component carriers 310
11.4.4.3 Male-to-male adapters 311
11.4.4.4 IC adapters 311
11.5 Card Edge Sockets 311
11.5.1 Card Edge Socket Selection, Related Classes 312
11.5.1.1 Card applications 312
11.5.1.2 Card edge socket selection guide 312
11.5.1.3 Classes related to card edge sockets 312
11.5.2 Card Edge Characteristics 312
11.5.2.1 Card edge shape 313
11.5.2.2 Card edge rows and readouts 313
11.5.2.3 Card edge pitch 313
11.5.2.4 Card edge circuits 314
11.5.3 Card Edge Socket, Mating Characteristics 315
11.5.3.1 Acceptable card thicknesses 316
11.5.3.2 Card edge socket coding and sections 316
11.5.3.3 Card locking and support 316
11.5.3.4 Card-edge socket rows and readouts 316
11.5.3.5 Card edge socket contacts 317
11.5.4 Card Edge Socket, Termination Characteristics 318
11.5.4.1 PCB-mounted card edge sockets 318
11.5.4.2 Panel-mounted card edge sockets 319
11.5.4.3 Termination of card edge plugs 319
11.5.5 Application-Specific Card Edge Sockets 319
11.5.5.1 Sockets for memory cards 319
11.5.5.2 Card edge sockets for card racks 320
11.5.5.3 Card edge sockets for standard buses 320
11.5.5.4 Card edge sockets for power supplies 321
11.5.5.5 Card edge sockets for solid state lighting 321
11.5.5.6 Card edge sockets for medical test strips 321
11.5.6 Card Edge Plugs 321
11.5.6.1 RAST 2.5 card edge plugs 321
11.5.6.2 Other card edge plugs 322
11.5.7 Card Edge Males And Interposers 322
11.5.7.1 Male mates for card edge sockets 322
11.5.7.2 Card edge double-ended sockets 322
11.6 FFC Sockets 322
11.6.1 FFC Socket Selection, Related Classes 323
11.6.1.1 FFC socket selection guide 323
11.6.1.2 Classes related to FFC sockets 323
11.6.2 FFC/FPC Considerations 323
11.6.2.1 Cable types 323
11.6.2.2 FFC jumpers 323
11.6.2.3 FPC tails 324
11.6.3 FFC Socket Considerations 324
11.6.3.1 Cable entry orientation, contacts 324
11.6.3.2 Socket and cable circuit numbering 325
11.6.3.3 FFC jumper circuit order reversal 326
11.6.3.4 FFC socket compatibility with cable 327
11.6.3.5 Sockets for shielded FFC 327
11.6.3.6 FFC socket PCB termination 328
11.6.3.7 Proper mating assurance 328
11.6.3.8 Types of FFC sockets 328
11.6.3.9 Latched FPC sockets 329
11.6.3.10 FFC socket comparison 329
11.6.4 LIF FFC Sockets 329
11.6.5 Snap-In FPC Sockets 330
11.6.6 ZIF FFC/FPC Sockets 331
11.6.6.1 Slider FFC sockets 331
11.6.6.2 Front-flip FFC socket 332
11.6.6.3 Back-flip FFC socket 333
11.6.7 FPC Jackets And Sockets 333
11.7 Other Device Sockets 333
11.7.1 Computer Card Sockets 333
11.7.2 Ribbon Cable Poke-In Sockets 335
11.7.3 LED Strip Interconnects 335
11.7.3.1 LED strip sockets 335
11.7.3.2 LED strip splices 335
11.7.4 Electric Component Sockets 335
11.7.4.1 Lamp sockets 335
11.7.4.2 Vacuum tube sockets 336
11.7.4.3 Relay sockets 336
11.7.4.4 Switch sockets 337
11.7.4.5 Crystal resonator sockets 338
11.7.4.6 PCB clips 338
11.7.4.7 Bus bar clips 338
Chapter 12 Compression Interconnects cccxxxix
12.1 Chapter Introduction cccxxxix
12.1.1 Tidbits cccxxxix
12.1.2 History Of Compression Interconnects cccxxxix
12.1.3 International Glossary cccxxxix
12.1.4 Selection And Related Classes cccxxxix
12.1.4.1 Compression interconnects selection cccxxxix
12.1.4.2 Classes related to compression interconnects 340
12.1.5 Chapter Orientation 340
12.2 Catalog Of Compression Interconnects 341
12.2.1 Spring-Loaded Interconnects 341
12.2.1.1 Pogo pins 341
12.2.1.2 Pogo headers 341
12.2.1.3 Test fixture probes 342
12.2.1.4 Compression coax board-to-board 344
12.2.1.5 PCB springs 344
12.2.1.6 PCB spring leaves 344
12.2.1.7 Spring leaf PCB headers 345
12.2.1.8 Spring-loaded targets 345
12.2.2 EMI Shielding Products 345
12.2.2.1 EMI shielding resilient materials 345
12.2.2.2 EMI finger stock 346
12.2.3 Single-Piece Wire-To-Board Plugs 346
12.2.3.1 Single-piece plugs to pads 346
12.2.3.2 Single-piece to PCB plugs 347
12.2.3.3 Clips to castellations 347
12.2.4 Single-Piece Board-To-Board Interconnects 347
12.2.4.1 Elastomeric strips 347
12.2.4.2 Double-ended mezzanine interposers 348
Chapter 13 Shroudless Strips cccxlix
13.1 Chapter Introduction cccxlix
13.1.1 Tidbits cccxlix
13.1.2 History Of Shroudless Strips cccxlix
13.1.2.1 "AmpModu", "Berg., and "DuPont" cccxlix
13.1.2.2 Other companies 350
13.1.3 International Glossary 350
13.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 350
13.1.4.1 Shroudless strip connectors selection 350
13.1.4.2 Classes related to shroudless strips 350
13.1.5 Chapter Orientation 350
13.2 Technical Notes, Shroudless Strips 351
13.2.1 Shroudless Strip Characteristics 351
13.2.1.1 Shroudless strip sizes 351
13.2.1.2 Shroudless strip intermateability 351
13.2.1.3 "Two orientations" of right-angle strips 351
13.2.1.4 Shroudless rectangular connectors contrast 352
13.2.2 Applications Of Shroudless Strips 352
13.2.2.1 Standard applications 352
13.2.2.2 Unintended uses 353
13.2.2.3 LED strip plugs 354
13.2.2.4 LED strip adapters 354
13.2.2.5 LED lamp connectors 354
13.3 Shroudless Strip Catalog 355
13.3.1 Shroudless Strip PCB Headers 355
13.3.1.1 Shroudless strip male headers 355
13.3.1.2 Shroudless strip stackers 356
13.3.1.3 Shroudless strip female headers 356
13.3.2 Shroudless Strip Plugs 357
13.3.2.1 Male and female shroudless strip plugs 357
13.3.2.2 Rectangular conversion frames 357
13.3.3 Programming Jumpers/Shunts 358
Chapter 14 Rectangular Connectors ccclix
14.1 Chapter Introduction ccclix
14.1.1 Tidbits ccclix
14.1.2 History Of Rectangular Connectors ccclix
14.1.2.1 Home appliance connectors ccclix
14.1.2.2 Wire-to-wire connectors 360
14.1.2.3 Wire-to-board connectors 360
14.1.2.4 Board-to-board connectors 360
14.1.2.5 Automotive connectors 360
14.1.3 International Glossary 361
14.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 361
14.1.4.1 Classes related to rectangular connectors 361
14.1.4.2 Rectangular connectors selection 362
14.1.5 Chapter Orientation 362
14.2 Technical Notes, Rectangular Connectors 362
14.2.1 Parts Of A Rectangular Connector 362
14.2.2 Contact Arrangement, Numbering 363
14.2.2.1 Single-row arrangement, numbering 363
14.2.2.2 Multi-row arrangement, numbering 364
14.2.2.3 Staggered arrangement, numbering 365
14.2.2.4 Hybrid positions arrangement, numbering 365
14.2.3 Polarization, Keying, And Coding 365
14.2.3.1 Polarization 365
14.2.3.2 Keying and coding 367
14.2.4 Fastening Of Rectangular Connectors 367
14.3 Board-To-Board Connectors 368
14.3.1 Board-To-Board Connectors Topologies 368
14.3.1.1 Parallel topologies, mezzanine 368
14.3.1.2 Perpendicular topologies, backplane 370
14.3.1.3 Perpendicular topologies, orthogonal 371
14.3.1.4 Coplanar topology 372
14.3.1.5 Connectors for each topology 372
14.3.2 Technical Notes, Board-To-Board Connectors 372
14.3.2.1 Misalignment, blind mating 372
14.3.2.2 Board-to-board polarity 372
14.3.2.3 C-E vs. C-T cross-section 373
14.3.2.4 Connector gender 373
14.3.3 Low Profile Mezzanine Connectors 373
14.3.3.1 Single-beam mezzanine connectors 374
14.3.3.2 Dual-beam, inner-contact mezzanine 374
14.3.3.3 Dual-beam, outer-contact mezzanine 374
14.3.3.4 Standard dual-beam mezzanine connectors 375
14.3.3.5 Hybrid dual-beam mezzanine connectors 375
14.3.4 Small Genderless Board-To-Board Connectors 376
14.3.4.1 Unpolarized board-to-board connectors 376
14.3.4.2 Polarized board-to-board connectors 376
14.3.4.3 Pegged board-to-board connectors 376
14.3.4.4 Special contacts board-to-board conn. 376
14.3.4.5 Floating board-to-board connectors 377
14.3.4.6 Other genderless board-to-board conn. 377
14.3.5 Small Gendered Board-To-Board Connectors 377
14.3.5.1 Classic single-row board-to-board conn. 377
14.3.5.2 SMC rectangular connectors 378
14.3.5.3 Partitioned board-to-board connectors 378
14.3.5.4 Self-mate board-to-board connectors 378
14.3.6 Array Board-To-Board Connectors 378
14.3.6.1 DIN 41612 connectors 378
14.3.6.2 High-density b-to-b connectors 380
14.3.6.3 Hard metric board-to-board connectors 380
14.3.6.4 Misc. gendered array b-to-b connectors 382
14.3.6.5 Genderless array board-to-board 382
14.3.7 Blade Board-To-Board Connectors 383
14.3.7.1 Parallel-blade board-to-board connectors 383
14.3.7.2 Coplanar-blades board-to-board conn. 383
14.3.7.3 Split-blade board-to-board connectors 383
14.3.7.4 Battery blade board-to-board connectors 384
14.3.7.5 Solid-state lighting blade connectors 384
14.3.8 Misc. Board-To-Board Connectors 385
14.3.8.1 Vintage shroudless card cage connectors 385
14.3.8.2 Other b-to-b connectors 386
14.4 General-Purpose Connectors 386
14.4.1 Prismatic Connectors 387
14.4.1.1 Unlatched prismatic crimp connectors 387
14.4.1.2 Prismatic connectors for RC models 388
14.4.1.3 Prismatic connectors for solid-state lighting 388
14.4.1.4 Prismatic connectors for computers 388
14.4.1.5 FFC-terminated prismatic connectors 389
14.4.1.6 Narrow ribbon cable prismatic connectors 389
14.4.1.7 Bump IDC 390
14.4.1.8 Latched prismatic crimp connectors 392
14.4.1.9 Miniflex connectors 393
14.4.2 Pin-And-Socket Connectors 393
14.4.2.1 Pin-and-socket contacts 394
14.4.2.2 Pin-and-socket housings 394
14.4.2.3 Pin-and-socket positions arrangement 395
14.4.3 Partitioned Face Rectangular Connectors 395
14.4.3.1 Rounded partition connectors 396
14.4.3.2 Mini Fit partitioned connectors 397
14.4.3.3 Mini Fit connector variants 398
14.4.3.4 Micro Fit connectors 399
14.4.3.5 Other "Fit" derivatives 399
14.4.3.6 Misc. partitioned face connectors 400
14.4.4 Single-Wall Connectors 400
14.4.4.1 3.96 mm single-wall connectors 400
14.4.4.2 2.54 mm single-wall connectors 401
14.4.4.3 CPU fan connectors 401
14.4.4.4 Single-wall connector position numbering 402
14.4.4.5 Single-wall connectors with missing pins 402
14.4.4.6 Single-wall derivatives 403
14.4.5 Small Wire-To-Board Connectors 403
14.4.5.1 Low profile connector definition 403
14.4.5.2 Low-profile headers 403
14.4.5.3 Low-profile plugs 405
14.4.5.4 Low-profile connector polarization 405
14.4.5.5 Low-profile connector fastening 406
14.4.5.6 Low profile connector compatibility 406
14.4.5.7 Low-profile sidelined connectors 406
14.4.5.8 Parallel-mate connectors 408
14.4.6 Full-Size Regular Connectors 408
14.4.6.1 Metrimate / Trident connectors 408
14.4.6.2 Dynamic / JFA connectors 409
14.4.6.3 Wire-to-wire connectors 410
14.4.7 Irregular Gendered Rectangular Conn. 410
14.4.7.1 Shroudless polarized wire-to-board connectors 411
14.4.7.2 LVDS connectors 411
14.4.7.3 Magnetic Pogo rectangular connectors 412
14.4.7.4 Other irregular rectangular connectors 413
14.5 Application-Specific Connectors 413
14.5.1 Appliance Connectors 413
14.5.1.1 Standard Timer sockets 413
14.5.1.2 Faston boots 413
14.5.1.3 RAST 5 connectors 414
14.5.2 Automotive Connectors 414
14.5.2.1 Automotive connector contacts 415
14.5.2.2 Contact insertion and Terminal Position Assurance 415
14.5.2.3 Automotive connector keying 416
14.5.2.4 Automotive connector sealing 416
14.5.2.5 Automotive connector latching, coupling 416
14.5.2.6 Automotive connector mount 417
14.5.2.7 Wire-to-wire automotive connectors 417
14.5.2.8 Wire-to-board automotive connectors 418
14.5.2.9 CAN bus distribution blocks 418
14.5.2.10 Automotive RF/high-speed connectors 418
14.5.2.11 High-current EV connectors 419
14.5.2.12 2.8mm "automobile" connectors 419
14.5.2.13 SAE J1239 connectors, derivatives 419
14.5.3 Hot-Pluggable Connectors 420
14.5.3.1 SATA hot-pluggable connectors 420
14.5.3.2 SFF-8087 hot-pluggable connectors 421
14.5.3.3 SAS/PCIe hot-pluggable connectors 421
14.5.3.4 SFP hot-pluggable connectors 421
14.5.3.5 Misc. hot-pluggable connectors 422
14.5.4 RC Model Power Connectors 422
14.5.4.1 Bullet-type RC model connectors 422
14.5.4.2 Other RC model connectors 422
14.5.5 Misc. Application-Specific Connectors 424
14.5.5.1 Sensor connectors 424
14.5.5.2 High-voltage connectors 424
14.5.5.3 Safety disconnects 424
14.5.5.4 Thermocouple connectors 425
14.5.5.5 Power tool battery connectors 425
14.5.5.6 Lighting fixture connectors 425
Chapter 15 Single-Circuit Connectors cdxxvii
15.1 Chapter Introduction cdxxvii
15.1.1 Tidbits cdxxvii
15.1.2 History Of Single-Circuit Connectors cdxxvii
15.1.3 International Glossary 428
15.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 429
15.1.4.1 Single-circuit connectors selection 429
15.1.4.2 Classes related to single-circuit connectors 429
15.1.5 Chapter Orientation 430
15.2 Disconnects 430
15.2.1 Quick-Connect Disconnects 430
15.2.1.1 Quick-connect sizes 430
15.2.1.2 0. 250" quick-connects 431
15.2.1.3 Latching quick-connect plugs 432
15.2.1.4 Quick-connect adapters 432
15.2.2 Other Disconnects 432
15.2.2.1 Packard 56 432
15.2.2.2 Bullet disconnects 432
15.2.2.3 Knife disconnects 432
15.2.2.4 Snap disconnects 433
15.3 Naked-Pin Connectors 433
15.3.1 Banana Connectors And Variants 433
15.3.1.1 Banana connectors 433
15.3.1.2 Banana variants 433
15.3.2 Small Naked-Pin Connectors 434
15.3.2.1 Tip connectors 434
15.3.2.2 Wander plugs 434
15.3.2.3 Board pins and wire sockets 434
15.3.2.4 Board-to-board connectors 435
15.3.3 Large Naked-Pin Connectors 435
15.3.3.1 RC bullet connectors 435
15.3.3.2 Radsok connectors 435
15.4 Unipole Connectors 435
15.4.1 Technical Notes, Unipole Connectors 436
15.4.1.1 Shielded unipole connectors 436
15.4.1.2 Unipole latching 436
15.4.2 Signal Unipole Connectors 436
15.4.2.1 Pin-and-socket unipole connectors 436
15.4.2.2 Slim metal unipole connectors 436
15.4.2.3 Rubber unipole connectors 436
15.4.2.4 Surface electrode connectors 437
15.4.3 High-Power Unipole Connectors 437
15.4.3.1 PowerPole connectors 437
15.4.3.2 Camlock connectors 437
15.4.3.3 Powerlock connectors 438
15.4.3.4 Energy storage connectors 439
15.4.3.5 Large metal unipole connectors 439
15.4.3.6 High-current plastic unipolar 440
15.4.3.7 Solar panel connectors, MC4 440
15.4.3.8 Misc. high-power unipole connectors 440
Chapter 16 Concentric Connectors cdxli
16.1 Chapter Introduction cdxli
16.1.1 Tidbits cdxli
16.1.2 History Of Concentric Connectors cdxli
16.1.2.1 Phone connector 442
16.1.2.2 Cigarette lighter connector 442
16.1.2.3 Phono connector 443
16.1.2.4 Coax barrel power plug 443
16.1.3 International Glossary 443
16.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 444
16.1.4.1 Concentric connectors selection 444
16.1.4.2 Classes related to concentric connectors 444
16.2 Chapter Orientation 444
16.3 Catalog Of Concentric Connectors 444
16.3.1 Phone Connectors 444
16.3.1.1 1/4-inch Phone connectors 445
16.3.1.2 Phone connectors variants 445
16.3.1.3 Miniature Phone connectors 446
16.3.1.4 Miniature phone connectors variants 446
16.3.2 Coax Barrel Power Couplers 447
16.3.2.1 Standard coax barrel power couplers 447
16.3.2.2 EIAJ coax barrel power couplers 448
16.3.2.3 CCTV coax barrel power coupler 449
16.3.2.4 Coax barrel power coupler variants 449
16.3.3 Other Concentric Connectors 450
16.3.3.1 Phono (RCA) connectors 450
16.3.3.2 Cigarette lighter connectors 451
16.3.3.3 Coplanar concentric connectors 451
16.3.3.4 Flush concentric connectors 452
16.3.3.5 Misc. concentric connectors 452
16.3.4 Concentric Adapters 452
Chapter 17 Coax Connectors cdliii
17.1 Chapter Introduction cdliii
17.1.1 Tidbits cdliii
17.1.2 History Of Coax/RF Connectors 454
17.1.3 International Glossary 455
17.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 455
17.1.5 Chapter Orientation 455
17.2 Technical Notes, Coax Connectors 456
17.2.1 Coax Connector Electrical Characteristics 456
17.2.1.1 Coax connector characteristic impedance 456
17.2.1.2 Coax connector cutoff frequency 456
17.2.1.3 Coax connector power handling 458
17.2.1.4 Coaxial cable power handling 459
17.2.1.5 Coax connector insertion loss 459
17.2.2 Coaxial Connector Mechanical Characteristics 459
17.2.2.1 Gender of coax connectors 459
17.2.2.2 Reverse polarity coax connectors 459
17.2.2.3 Parts of a coax connector 460
17.2.2.4 Shield/fastener separation 460
17.2.2.5 Mating vs. shield diameter 461
17.2.2.6 Coaxial connector mating cycles 462
17.2.2.7 Coaxial connector fastening and coupling 462
17.2.2.8 Keying of coax connectors 462
17.2.3 Coax Connector Termination 463
17.2.3.1 Coax plugs 463
17.2.3.2 Panel-mount coax receptacles 463
17.2.3.3 Coaxial cable compatibility 464
17.2.3.4 PCB-mount coax connectors 464
17.3 Catalog Of Coax/RF Connectors 465
17.3.1 Miniature RF Cable-To-Board Connectors 465
17.3.2 Microwave Connectors 466
17.3.2.1 Blind-mate microwave connectors 466
17.3.2.2 Large microwave connectors 467
17.3.2.3 SMA microwave connectors, derivatives 468
17.3.2.4 Medium microwave connectors 469
17.3.2.5 SMB microwave connectors, derivatives 469
17.3.2.6 Small microwave connectors 470
17.3.3 Standard Exterior RF Connectors 471
17.3.3.1 Belling Lee 472
17.3.3.2 UHF connector and derivatives 472
17.3.3.3 N-type connectors and derivatives 472
17.3.3.4 BNC connectors 473
17.3.3.5 BNC derivative connectors 473
17.3.3.6 TNC connectors and derivatives 474
17.3.3.7 F-type connector 475
17.3.3.8 Other TV and video coax connectors 475
17.3.3.9 Telecom RF connectors 475
17.3.3.10 Misc, standard RF connectors 476
17.3.4 Atypical Exterior RF Connectors 476
17.3.4.1 Genderless, self-mate RF connectors 476
17.3.4.2 Slim coax connectors 477
17.3.4.3 Mobile antenna connectors 477
17.3.4.4 High-power EIA flange RF connectors 477
17.3.5 Non-RF Coax Connectors 478
17.3.5.1 Twinax connectors 478
17.3.5.2 Triax connectors 478
17.3.5.3 High voltage coax connectors 479
17.4 Coaxial Ancillary Components 479
17.4.1 Coax couplers, Adapters, And Splitters 480
17.4.1.1 Coax couplers 480
17.4.1.2 Coax splitters 480
17.4.1.3 Between series coax adapters 481
17.4.2 Coax Accessories 481
17.5 Waveguide Flanges 482
Chapter 18 Circular Connectors cdlxxxiii
18.1 Chapter Introduction cdlxxxiii
18.1.1 Tidbits cdlxxxiii
18.1.2 History Of Circular Connectors cdlxxxiii
18.1.2.1 Starting in California 484
18.1.2.2 Meanwhile, in Europe 484
18.1.2.3 And in Asia 484
18.1.3 International Glossary 485
18.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 485
18.1.4.1 Circular connectors selection 485
18.1.4.2 Classes related to circular connectors 485
18.1.5 Chapter Orientation 486
18.2 Technical Notes, Circular Connectors 486
18.2.1 Circular Connector Characteristics 486
18.2.1.1 Circular connector termination and mount 486
18.2.1.2 Parts of a circular connector 487
18.2.1.3 Contact arrangement and numbering 488
18.2.1.4 Circular connector polarization 489
18.2.2 Circular Connector Mating 490
18.2.2.1 Scooping 490
18.2.2.2 Circular connector fastening, coupling 491
18.3 General-Purpose Circular Connectors 491
18.3.1 XLR Circular Connectors And Derivatives 491
18.3.1.1 XLR circular connectors 491
18.3.1.2 XLR derivatives 492
18.3.1.3 Mini-XLR circular connectors 492
18.3.2 DIN-Type Circular Connectors 492
18.3.2.1 Tuchel circular connectors 492
18.3.2.2 DIN circular connectors 492
18.3.2.3 Mini-DIN circular connectors 495
18.3.2.4 Mini-DIN connector derivatives 495
18.3.2.5 Power DIN 496
18.3.3 MIL-Spec Circular Connectors 496
18.3.3.1 MIL-spec arrangement, numbering 497
18.3.3.2 MIL-DTL-38999 connectors 498
18.3.4 CPC And CMC Circular Connectors 500
18.3.4.1 CPC circular connectors 500
18.3.4.2 CMC circular connectors 500
18.3.5 Classic Metal Circular Connectors 502
18.3.5.1 GX metal circular connectors 502
18.3.5.2 CNR01/'P' metal circular connectors 502
18.3.5.3 XS metal circular connectors 504
18.3.6 IEC Industrial Circular Connectors 504
18.3.6.1 IEC connector technical notes 504
18.3.6.2 M5 and M8 IEC circular connectors 506
18.3.6.3 M12 IEC circular connectors 507
18.3.6.4 Large IEC circular connectors 508
18.3.6.5 Industrial motor IEC circular connectors 510
18.3.6.6 7/8" circular connectors 510
18.3.6.7 NMEA 2000 circular connectors 510
18.3.7 Slim Circular Connectors 511
18.3.7.1 Plastic shell slim circular connectors 511
18.3.7.2 Medical slim circular connectors 512
18.3.7.3 Metal shell slim circular connectors 512
18.3.7.4 High-density push-pull connectors 512
18.3.8 Tri-Eco Power Circular Connectors 513
18.3.9 X-Style Circular Connectors 514
18.3.10 Plastic Power Circular Connectors 515
18.3.10.1 RD24 circular connectors 515
18.3.10.2 Bulgin Buccaneer connectors 515
18.3.10.3 SP plastic circular connectors 515
18.3.11 Micro/Nano Circular Connectors 516
18.3.12 Proprietary Circular Connectors 516
18.3.12.1 WeiPu circular connectors 516
18.3.12.2 Push-button latch circular connectors 517
18.4 Application-Specific Circular Connectors 517
18.4.1 Lighting Circular Connectors 517
18.4.1.1 Stage lighting circular connectors 517
18.4.1.2 LED lighting 517
18.4.1.3 Accent lighting circular connectors 519
18.4.2 E-Bike Circular Connectors 519
18.4.2.1 E-bike signal connectors 520
18.4.2.2 E-bike motor connectors 520
18.4.2.3 E-bike battery connectors 521
18.4.2.4 E-bike charger connectors 521
18.4.3 Automotive Circular Connectors 521
18.4.3.1 HSD circular connectors 522
18.4.3.2 ISO 15170 circular connectors 522
18.4.3.3 Harsh environment circular connectors 522
18.4.3.4 Misc. automotive circular connectors 522
18.4.3.5 Tractor trailer connectors 522
18.4.4 Other Transportation Circular Connectors 523
18.4.4.1 Aviation circular connectors 523
18.4.4.2 Railway circular connectors 523
18.4.5 Immersion Circular Connectors 524
18.4.5.1 Dry-mate immersion circular connectors 524
18.4.5.2 Wet-mate immersion circular connectors 524
18.4.5.3 Downhole circular connectors 524
18.4.6 Industrial Circular Connectors 524
18.4.6.1 Explosion-proof circular connectors 525
18.4.6.2 Nuclear radiation circular connectors 525
18.4.6.3 Vacuum circular connectors 525
18.4.6.4 Base station circular connectors 526
18.4.6.5 Ethernet circular connectors 526
18.5 Irregular Circular Connectors 526
18.5.1 Shroudless Circular Connectors 526
18.5.1.1 Vintage shroudless circular connectors 526
18.5.1.2 Circle hex connectors 526
18.5.1.3 DIN speaker connectors 526
18.5.2 Genderless Circular Connectors 527
18.5.2.1 Pogo-pin communication equipment 527
18.5.2.2 Magnetic circular connectors 527
18.5.2.3 speakOn public address connectors 527
18.5.3 Circular Connectors With Sub-Connectors 528
18.5.3.1 Compound circular connectors 528
18.5.3.2 Data I/O circular connectors 528
Chapter 19 Exterior Signal Connectors dxxix
19.1 Chapter Introduction dxxix
19.1.1 Tidbits dxxix
19.1.2 History Of Exterior Signal Connectors dxxix
19.1.2.1 Telephone connector history dxxix
19.1.2.2 D-shell connector history 530
19.1.2.3 Data I/O connector history 530
19.1.3 International Glossary 530
19.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 530
19.1.4.1 Exterior signal connector selection 531
19.1.4.2 Classes related to exterior signal conn. 531
19.1.5 Chapter Orientation 531
19.2 D-shell Connectors 532
19.2.1 Genderless D-Shell Connectors 532
19.2.1.1 Micro-Ribbon connectors 532
19.2.1.2 Mini-D ribbon connectors 533
19.2.1.3 Shrunk-D ribbon connectors 533
19.2.2 Gendered D-Shell Connectors 533
19.2.2.1 D-sub connectors 533
19.2.2.2 Micro-D connectors 536
19.2.2.3 Nano-D connectors 537
19.2.2.4 Other gendered D-shell connectors 537
19.3 Telephone And Modular Connectors 538
19.3.1 Vintage Telephone Connectors 538
19.3.2 Modular Connectors, Registered Jack 538
19.3.2.1 Modular plugs and jacks 538
19.3.2.2 Registered Jack and modular notation 539
19.3.2.3 Circular modular connectors 539
19.3.2.4 Modular connector derivatives 540
19.4 Data I/O Connectors 540
19.4.1 USB Connectors 540
19.4.1.1 USB host and device 541
19.4.1.2 Standard USB connectors 541
19.4.1.3 USB variants 543
19.4.1.4 Proprietary USB connectors 544
19.4.2 Other Data I/O Connectors 544
19.4.2.1 eSata 544
19.4.2.2 HDI 545
19.4.2.3 Firewire IEEE1394 545
19.4.2.4 Industrial Ethernet connectors 545
19.4.2.5 Lightning 546
19.4.2.6 Thunderbolt 546
19.4.3 Video I/O Connectors 546
19.4.3.1 DisplayPort 546
19.4.3.2 DVI 546
19.4.3.3 HDMI 548
19.4.3.4 SCART 548
19.5 Misc. Exterior Signal Connectors 548
19.5.1.1 Magnetic Pogo connectors 548
19.5.1.2 Home theater speaker connectors 548
Chapter 20 Exterior Power Connectors dli
20.1 Chapter Introduction dli
20.1.1 Tidbits dli
20.1.2 History Of Exterior Power Connectors dli
20.1.2.1 US AC power connector history dli
20.1.2.2 German AC power connector history dli
20.1.2.3 UK AC power connector history 552
20.1.2.4 DC power connector history 552
20.1.3 International Glossary 552
20.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 552
20.1.4.1 Classes related to exterior power conn. 552
20.1.4.2 Exterior power connector selection 553
20.1.5 Chapter Orientation 554
20.2 AC Power Connectors 554
20.2.1 AC Power Connector Terminology 555
20.2.1.1 Outlet, inlet, and plug 555
20.2.1.2 Genders 555
20.2.1.3 Coupler 555
20.2.1.4 Prong 555
20.2.1.5 Grounded vs. grounding 556
20.2.1.6 Pole 556
20.2.1.7 Parts of an AC power connector 556
20.2.2 AC Power Connector Termination 557
20.2.2.1 AC power polarity 557
20.2.2.2 AC wire color code 557
20.2.3 Consumer AC Power Connectors 557
20.2.3.1 Why so many different plugs? 558
20.2.3.2 Country connector type codes 558
20.2.3.3 CEE 7 and Type C, E, F connectors 561
20.2.3.4 NEMA and Type A, B connectors 562
20.2.3.5 UK and Type G connectors 564
20.2.3.6 Denmark and Type K connectors 564
20.2.3.7 Thailand Type O connectors 564
20.2.3.8 Israel and Type H connectors 564
20.2.3.9 Australia, Argentina, and Type I conn. 564
20.2.3.10 Switzerland and Type J connectors 565
20.2.3.11 Italian and Type L connectors 565
20.2.3.12 India, South Africa and Types D, M 565
20.2.3.13 South Africa, Brazil, and Type N 566
20.2.3.14 Multi-standard outlets 566
20.2.3.15 AC power adapters 566
20.2.4 NEMA Industrial AC Connectors 566
20.2.4.1 NEMA standard high-power connectors 567
20.2.4.2 NEMA twist-lock connectors 569
20.2.5 Pin-And-Sleeve AC Power Connectors 570
20.2.5.1 NEMA Pin-and-sleeve connectors 570
20.2.5.2 IEC 60309 Pin-and-sleeve connectors 571
20.2.6 Appliance AC Coupler 572
20.2.6.1 Vintage appliance couplers 572
20.2.6.2 IEC 60320 appliance couplers 573
20.2.6.3 Power entry modules 575
20.2.7 Industry-Specific AC Power Connectors 575
20.2.7.1 Public address, powerCON connectors 575
20.2.7.2 Other stage AC power connectors 575
20.2.7.3 EV charging connectors 577
20.2.8 Weird AC Connectors 577
20.3 DC Power Connectors 578
20.3.1 DC Couplers 578
20.3.2 Electric Vehicle DC Connectors 578
20.3.2.1 Anderson Power SB battery connectors 579
20.3.2.2 Euro Battery Connector 579
20.3.2.3 E-bike DC charging connectors 580
20.3.2.4 Golf cart charging connectors 580
Chapter 21 Industrial Connectors dlxxxi
21.1 Chapter Introduction dlxxxi
21.1.1 Tidbits dlxxxi
21.1.2 History Of Industrial Connectors dlxxxi
21.1.3 International Glossary 582
21.1.4 Selection And Related Classes 582
21.2 Chapter Orientation 584
21.3 Heavy-Duty Connectors 584
21.3.1 Heavy-Duty Connector Introduction 585
21.3.1.1 Sizes 585
21.3.1.2 Family members 585
21.3.1.3 Power Earth 586
21.3.2 Heavy-Duty Connector Housings 586
21.3.2.1 Materials 586
21.3.2.2 Latching and fastening 587
21.3.2.3 Heavy-duty connector sealing 587
21.3.2.4 EMC connectors 587
21.3.2.5 Hoods 588
21.3.2.6 Bases 588
21.3.2.7 Coupling hoods 588
21.3.2.8 Cable glands 588
21.3.2.9 DIN rail mount 588
21.3.2.10 Docking frames 589
21.3.2.11 Explosion-proof heavy-duty connectors 589
21.3.3 Heavy-Duty Connector Inserts 589
21.3.3.1 Group B monoblock inserts 589
21.3.3.2 Group A monoblock inserts 590
21.3.3.3 Modular frames and inserts 591
21.3.4 Heavy-Duty Connector Accessories 592
21.3.4.1 Crimp contacts 592
21.3.4.2 Coding accessories 592
21.3.5 Proprietary Heavy-Duty Connectors 592
21.4 Other Industrial Connectors 593
21.4.1 Industrial Valve Sockets 593
21.4.2 Industrial AC/DC Power Couplers 593
21.4.3 Vintage Rectangular Connectors 593
21.4.3.1 Cinch Jones connectors 594
21.4.3.2 Vintage pin and fork connectors 594
21.4.3.3 DIN 41618 and DIN 41622 connectors 594
21.4.3.4 Vintage diagonal fork connectors 594
21.4.4 Drawer Connectors 595
21.4.4.1 Shroudless gendered drawer connectors 595
21.4.4.2 Genderless drawer connectors 595
21.4.4.3 Shrouded gendered drawer connectors 596
21.4.4.4 Drawer connector frames 596
21.4.4.5 Avionics drawer connectors 596
21.4.5 Terminal Junction Systems 597
21.4.5.1 Terminal Junction Systems introduction 598
21.4.5.2 Rail-mount terminal junction modules 598
21.4.5.3 Solder terminal junction modules 598
21.4.5.4 Panel-mount terminal junctions 598
21.4.5.5 Terminal junction plugs 598
21.4.5.6 Terminal junction splices 598
Chapter 22 Multiple-Class Interconnects dxcix
22.1 Chapter Introduction dxcix
22.2 Adapters between classes dxcix
22.3 Misc. Multi-Class Interconnects 600
22.4 Breakout Boards 600
Chapter 23 Non-Electric Components dci
23.1 Chapter Introduction dci
23.2 Fiber-Optic Connectors dci
23.3 Accessories 602
23.3.1 Connector Accessories 602
23.3.1.1 Keystone wall plates 602
23.3.1.2 Connector frames 603
23.3.1.3 Ferrite plates 603
23.3.2 Cable Accessories 603
23.3.2.1 Cable grommets, bushings, and glands 603
23.3.2.2 Board-in ribbon cable guides 603
Part C - Using Interconnects dcv
Chapter 24 Design dcvii
24.1 Electrical Design dcvii
24.1.1 Tips dcvii
24.1.1.1 Design for PCB layout ease dcvii
24.1.1.2 Design for manufacturability dcvii
24.1.1.3 Design for reliability dcvii
24.1.2 Component Selection dcvii
24.1.2.1 Select reliable interconnects dcvii
24.1.2.2 Keep the user from connecting the wrong cable dcvii
24.1.2.3 Surface mount components 608
24.1.2.4 Direct wire-to-PCB soldering 608
24.1.3 Schematic Diagrams 609
24.1.3.1 Schematic diagram symbols 609
24.1.3.2 Schematic diagram designators 609
24.1.4 PCB Layout 610
24.1.4.1 Through-hole interconnects 610
24.1.4.2 Press-fit interconnects 611
24.1.4.3 Surface mounted interconnects 611
24.1.4.4 End-launch RF connectors 611
24.1.4.5 Silkscreen marking 612
24.1.5 Card Edge Design 612
24.1.5.1 Card outline 613
24.1.5.2 Two-sided card copper layers 613
24.1.5.3 Bilevel card copper layers 614
24.2 Qualification Testing 615
24.2.1 Electrical Qualification Testing 615
24.2.1.1 Contact resistance test 615
24.2.1.2 Contact current and temperature test 615
24.2.1.3 Hipot connector testing 615
24.2.1.4 RF connector testing 615
24.2.1.5 Fuse socket testing 615
24.2.2 Mechanical Qualification Testing 615
24.2.2.1 Vibration tests 615
24.2.2.2 Environmental tests 616
24.2.2.3 Wire/cable pull tests 616
Chapter 25 Assembly dcxvii
25.1 General Tips dcxvii
25.1.1 Interconnect Procurement dcxvii
25.1.2 Test Fixtures For Cable Assemblies dcxvii
25.1.3 Manufacturing Standards 618
25.1.4 Lubrication 618
25.1.4.1 Shroud lubrication 618
25.1.4.2 Contact lubrication 618
25.1.4.3 Vacuum interconnect lubrication 618
25.2 Wire/Cable Preparation, Termination 618
25.2.1 Wire Cutting And Stripping 618
25.2.1.1 Manual wire cutting 618
25.2.1.2 Manual wire stripping 619
25.2.1.3 Wire-cutting and stripping machine 619
25.2.2 Wire Soldering 620
25.2.2.1 Soldering safety 620
25.2.2.2 Wire tinning 620
25.2.2.3 Tall back-wall solder cups 621
25.2.2.4 Flush-top solder cups 621
25.2.2.5 Bifurcated and slotted terminals 622
25.2.2.6 Solder eyelets 622
25.2.2.7 Turrets 622
25.2.2.8 Common solder inspection items 622
25.2.3 Wire Crimping 623
25.2.3.1 Crimping tools 623
25.2.3.2 Crimping tips 624
25.2.3.3 Open barrel crimp 624
25.2.3.4 Closed barrel crimp 625
25.2.3.5 Insulated barrel crimp 626
25.2.4 Other Permanent Wire Terminations 627
25.2.4.1 Ultrasonic welding 627
25.2.4.2 Wire wrapping 627
25.2.5 Wire Termination To A Screw Or Clamp 627
25.2.5.1 Stripped wire termination to a plain screw 627
25.2.5.2 Ring terminal termination to a plain screw 628
25.2.5.3 Fork terminal termination to a plain screw 628
25.2.5.4 Wire termination to a captive-plate screw 628
25.2.5.5 Wire clamp termination 628
25.2.6 Wire Termination To A Wire Cage 628
25.2.6.1 Stripped wire termination to a cage 628
25.2.6.2 Poke-in termination 629
25.2.6.3 Terminal in a wire cage 629
25.2.7 Wire Termination Protection 629
25.2.7.1 Heat shrink tubing 629
25.2.7.2 Regular tubing 630
25.2.8 Cable Preparation 630
25.2.8.1 Control cable preparation 630
25.2.8.2 Braided shielded cable preparation 630
25.2.8.3 Foil shielded cable preparation 630
25.2.9 Wire/Cable Pull Tests 630
25.3 PCB And Panel Mount 631
25.3.1 PCB-Mount 631
25.3.1.1 Through-hole manufacturing 631
25.3.1.2 Surface mount manufacturing 631
25.3.1.3 Press-fit manufacturing 631
25.3.2 PCB Assembly Sealing 631
25.3.2.1 Module potting 631
25.3.2.2 Conformal coating 632
25.3.3 Panel Mounting 632
25.3.3.1 On-panel mounting 632
25.3.3.2 Bulkhead-mounting 632
25.4 Interconnect Assembly 632
25.4.1 Terminal Termination 632
25.4.1.1 Tongue terminals 632
25.4.1.2 Ferrules 632
25.4.1.3 Broaching fasteners 633
25.4.2 Wire Splice Termination 633
25.4.2.1 Crimp wire splices 633
25.4.2.2 IDT wire splices 633
25.4.2.3 Solder wire splices 635
25.4.2.4 Poke-in wire splices 635
25.4.2.5 Lever wire splices 635
25.4.2.6 Twist-on wire nuts 635
25.4.3 AC Power Wiring Termination 635
25.4.3.1 Grounding compression splices 635
25.4.3.2 Tubular compression lugs 636
25.4.3.3 Splicing mechanical connectors 636
25.4.3.4 Grounding mechanical connectors 636
25.4.3.5 AC power bars 637
25.4.3.6 Waterproof cable junctions 637
25.4.3.7 Punch-down blocks 637
25.4.4 Junction And Barrier Block Termination 638
25.4.4.1 Junction posts, feedthroughs 638
25.4.4.2 Junction bars 638
25.4.4.3 Wire to captive-plate panel-mount barrier blocks 638
25.4.4.4 Terminal to PCB barrier blocks 638
25.4.5 Terminal Block Termination 639
25.4.5.1 Europa-style strips 639
25.4.5.2 Feedthrough terminal blocks 639
25.4.5.3 PCB terminal blocks 640
25.4.5.4 Pluggable terminal blocks 640
25.4.5.5 Rail-mounted modular blocks 640
25.4.5.6 On-panel terminal blocks 641
25.4.6 Board-In Interconnect Termination 641
25.4.6.1 Board-in wire terminals 641
25.4.6.2 Board-in crimp terminators 643
25.4.6.3 Board-in IDT PCB terminals 643
25.4.6.4 Open board-in IDT blocks 644
25.4.6.5 Board-in button IDT blocks 644
25.4.6.6 Mass-terminated board-in IDT blocks 645
25.4.6.7 Board-in IDT terminators 645
25.4.6.8 Direct ribbon cable termination to a PCB 646
25.4.6.9 Transition connectors 646
25.4.6.10 Ribbon cable socket or wire traps 647
25.4.7 Device Sockets Assembly 647
25.4.7.1 Bulkhead-mount fuse holders 647
25.4.7.2 FFC sockets 647
25.4.7.3 Other device sockets 648
25.4.8 Compression Interconnects Assembly 648
25.4.8.1 Spring-loaded interconnects 648
25.4.8.2 Test fixture probe installation 648
25.4.8.3 Test fixture operation 649
25.4.8.4 RedFit SKEDD plugs 649
25.4.8.5 SKEDD terminal blocks 649
25.4.8.6 Elastomeric (Zebra) strips 649
25.4.8.7 Single-piece mezzanine interposers 650
25.4.9 Shroudless Strips Assembly 650
25.4.10 Rectangular Connector Assembly 650
25.4.10.1 Prismatic plugs 650
25.4.10.2 Small wire-to-board crimp plugs 650
25.4.10.3 Single-wall wire-to-board IDT plugs 651
25.4.10.4 Low profile wire-to-board IDT plugs 651
25.4.10.5 RAST plugs 651
25.4.10.6 Connectors with round contacts 652
25.4.10.7 Bump IDC plug 652
25.4.10.8 JAE MX34 unsealed automotive plugs 653
25.4.10.9 Molex MX150L sealed automotive plugs 653
25.4.10.10 Deutsch sealed automotive plugs 654
25.4.10.11 TE Superseal automotive plugs 654
25.4.10.12 Pull-to-seat plugs 655
25.4.10.13 RC model plugs 655
25.4.11 Single-Circuit Connectors Assembly 656
25.4.11.1 Quick-connect plugs 656
25.4.11.2 Banana plugs 656
25.4.11.3 Anderson PowerPole connectors 656
25.4.11.4 Camlock termination 656
25.4.12 Concentric Connector Assembly 657
25.4.12.1 Phone plugs 657
25.4.12.2 Coaxial barrel power plugs, coaxial cable 657
25.4.12.3 Coaxial barrel power plugs, zip-cord 658
25.4.12.4 Phono plugs 658
25.4.13 Coax Connector Assembly 659
25.4.13.1 General tips 659
25.4.13.2 Miniature coax cable-to-board plugs 659
25.4.13.3 Edge-launch SMA microwave connectors 659
25.4.13.4 Edge-launch small microwave connectors 659
25.4.13.5 Straight compression BNC plugs 659
25.4.13.6 Right-angle crimp BNC plugs 660
25.4.13.7 Front-mount, solder cup coax receptacles 661
25.4.13.8 Front-mount, crimp coax receptacles 661
25.4.13.9 Rear-mount crimp coax receptacles 662
25.4.13.10 Flange-mount solder-cup coax receptacles 662
25.4.13.11 Flange-mount crimp coax receptacles 662
25.4.13.12 EIA flange coax plugs 663
25.4.14 Circular Connector Assembly 663
25.4.14.1 Circular connectors, fixed contacts 663
25.4.14.2 Circular connectors, insertable contacts 663
25.4.14.3 DIN plugs 664
25.4.14.4 XLR plugs 664
25.4.15 Exterior Signal Connector Assembly 665
25.4.15.1 Modular plugs 665
25.4.15.2 D-sub connectors, control cable 665
25.4.15.3 D-shell plugs, ribbon cable 666
25.4.16 Exterior Power Connector Termination 666
25.4.16.1 AC power plugs 666
25.4.16.2 Pin and sleeve plugs 667
25.4.16.3 Anderson SB plugs 668
25.4.17 Industrial Connector Assembly 668
25.4.17.1 Standard heavy-duty plugs 668
25.4.17.2 Heavy-duty bases 669
Chapter 26 Care And Feeding dclxxi
26.1 Usage dclxxi
26.1.1 Rectangular Connector Usage dclxxi
26.1.1.1 Automotive plug mating/unmating dclxxi
26.1.2 Coax Connector Usage dclxxi
26.1.2.1 Coax connector tips dclxxi
26.1.2.2 Coax connector cleaning dclxxi
26.1.2.3 Miniature coax cable-to-board mating/unmating 672
26.1.2.4 Standard and microwave coax connector mating 672
26.1.2.5 Standard and microwave coax connector unmating 672
26.1.2.6 Precision connector care 672
26.1.3 Circular Connector Usage 673
26.1.3.1 Threaded circular connector fastening 673
26.2 Insertable Contact Extraction 673
26.2.1 Extraction Tools 673
26.2.2 Rectangular Connectors Contact Extraction 673
26.2.2.1 Shroudless and prismatic plug contact extraction 673
26.2.2.2 Single-wall plug contact extraction 674
26.2.2.3 Low-profile plug contact extraction 674
26.2.2.4 Round contact extraction 674
26.2.2.5 Mini fit plug contact extraction 674
26.2.2.6 Automotive plug contact extraction 674
26.2.3 Other Connectors Contact Extraction 676
26.2.3.1 D-sub contact extraction 676
26.2.3.2 Quick-connect plug extraction 676
26.2.3.3 Coax plug center contact extraction 676
26.2.3.4 Circular contact extraction 676
26.2.3.5 Anderson Power contact extraction 676
26.2.3.6 NEMA AC power contact extraction 676
26.2.3.7 Heavy-duty connector contact extraction 677
26.3 Repair 677
26.3.1 Repair Tools 677
26.3.2 Interconnect Repair 677
26.3.2.1 Latch repair 677
26.3.2.2 Receptacle repair 677
26.3.2.3 Crimped wire repair 678
26.3.2.4 IDT wire repair 678
26.3.2.5 FFC socket repair 678
26.3.2.6 Elastomeric strip repair 679
26.3.2.7 Card edge repair 679
26.3.3 Cable Assembly Repair 679
26.3.3.1 Data I/O plug, cable repair 679
26.3.3.2 AC adapter cord repair 679
26.3.3.3 FFC repair 679
26.3.3.4 FPC repair 679
26.4 Modification 679
26.4.1 Wrong Connector 679
26.4.1.1 Wrong battery cable connector 679
26.4.1.2 Wrong display cable connector 679
26.4.1.3 Wrong USB cable 680
26.4.1.4 Wrong bus cable connectors 680
26.4.2 Cable Modification 680
26.4.2.1 Interior cable extension 680
26.4.2.2 FFC reduction 680
26.4.3 Connector Creation 680
A Appendix dclxxxi
A.1 Interconnect Naming And Classification Challenges dclxxxi
A.1.1 Classification Challenges dclxxxi
A.1.2 Naming challenges dclxxxi
A.1.2.1 Naming characteristics dclxxxi
A.1.2.2 Naming components dclxxxi
A.1.2.3 Sexism in connector terminology 682
A.2 Conductors For Termination 682
A.2.1 Wire 682
A.2.1.1 Bus wire 682
A.2.1.2 Hook-up wire 682
A.2.1.3 Litz wire 683
A.2.1.4 Building wire 683
A.2.1.5 Battery and welding cable 683
A.2.1.6 Application-specific wire 683
A.2.1.7 Magnet wire 683
A.2.1.8 Braid 683
A.2.2 Cable 684
A.2.2.1 Control cable 684
A.2.2.2 Shielded cable 684
A.2.2.3 Portable cord 684
A.2.2.4 Building cable 684
A.2.2.5 Zip cord 685
A.2.2.6 Flat telephone cable 685
A.2.2.7 Ribbon cable 685
A.2.2.8 Flexible Flat Cable (FFC) 686
A.2.3 Coaxial Cable 687
A.2.3.1 Standard coaxial cable 687
A.2.3.2 Specialty coaxial cable 687
A.2.3.3 High power coaxial cable 687
A.2.4 Boards 688
A.2.4.1 Plain boards 688
A.2.4.2 Copper-clad boards 689
A.2.4.3 Perfboards 689
A.2.4.4 Solderless breadboards 689
A.2.4.5 Printed Circuit Boards 689
A.2.4.6 Flexible Printed Circuits (FPC) 689
A.2.4.7 Conductive Ink Circuit (CIC) 690
A.2.5 Other Conductors 690
A.2.5.1 Bus bars 690
A.2.5.2 Metal fasteners 690
A.3 Custom Connectors 690
A.3.1 Full-Custom Connectors 691
A.3.2 Semi-Custom Connectors 691
A.4 Resources 692
A.4.1 Manufacturer's Names 692
A.4.2 Services 692
A.4.3 Publications 692
A.4.4 Online Resources 693
A.4.5 Custom connectors 694
A.4.6 Market Reports 695
A.4.7 Trade Shows 695
A.4.8 Associations And Consortia 695
A.4.9 Manufacturing standards 696
Acronyms And Initialisms dcxcvii
Glossary And Alphabetical Index 699
References 731

The Electronic Connector Book - EU mirror

A practical guide and catalog for the inteconnects used in the electronic industry.
By Davide Andrea.

The Electronic Connector Book - EU mirror

A practical guide and catalog for the inteconnects used in the electronic industry. By Davide Andrea.

A practical guide and catalog for the inteconnects used in the electronic industry.
By Davide Andrea.